GEOG 2225: Chapter 3 2023 with verified questions and answers

"hard" country and "soft countries" Portrayal by John Ralston Saul of countries as "hard" and "soft" in terms of their relationships with minority groups. hard nations with homogeneous populations tend to treat minorities harshly. Soft nations have more diverse and as a result of a history of interaction among different cultural groups, the value of harmonious relations has taken root. Paleo-Indians Considered by archaeologist the first people of North America because they shared a common hunting culture, which was characterized by its uniquely designed fluted-point stone spearhead. Culture areas Regions within which the population has a common set of attitudes, economic and social practices, and values. Terra Nullius The doctrine according to which European countries claimed legal right to ownership of the land occupied by Indians and Inuit because the land was not cultivated and lacked permanent settlements. Eastern Townships An area of Quebec in the Appalachian Uplands, lying south and east of the St. Lawrence Lowland and near the US border. The region is now referred to as Estrie. homesteader A settler who obtained land. Manifest Destiny The belief and subsequent political actions in 19th century America that the United States, by divine right, should expand to the Pacific coast; in the view of some, this expansion was to include all of North America, thus incorporating Canada. The term was coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan in 1845, in the context of the annexation of Texas and Oregon Territory. Indigenous rights The practices, customs and traditions that Aboriginal peoples practiced prior contact with or large-scale settlement by European. Oregon Territory Territory in the Pacific Northwest, the possessions of which was disputed between the US and Great Britain. The Oregon Territory of 1846 between the US and Great Britain determined the boundary at the 49th parallel but with Vancouver Island remaining within British North America. Red River Migration British-instituted migration organized by the Hudson's Bay Company whereby perhaps as many as 1,000 settlers from Fort Garry travelled by horse-drawn wagons to Fort Vancouver in 1841 to shore up the British claim to the Oregon Territory. National Policy A policy of high tariffs instituted in 1879 by the federal government of John A. Macdonald to insulate Canada's infant manufacturing industries from foreign competition and thus create a national industrial base. National Energy Program A bold policy of the federal Liberal government in 1980 to keep Canadian oil prices lower than the rapidly rising world oil prices, provide manufacturers in Ontario and Quebec with low-priced western oil, foster oil exploration in the Arctic, and increase federal government revenues from oil sales. Western Alienation Feeling on the part of those in Western Canada and BC-derived from the past government actions and a natural periphery response to the core- that they have little influence on federal policy and that Central Canada controls the government Assembly of First Nations (AFN) National advocacy of organization for status Indians, i.e the more than 630 First Nations in Canada Status (registered) Indians Indigenous peoples who are registered as Indians under the Indian Act Non-status Indians Those of Amerindian ancestry who are not registered as Indians under the Indian Act. Treaty Indians Aboriginal peoples who are descendants of Indians who signed a numbered treaty and who benefit from the rights described in the treaty. All treaty Indians are status Indians, but not all status Indians are treaty Indians. Metis People of mixed biological and cultural heritage, usually French-First Nations peoples or English-or Scottish- First Nations people Inuit People descended from Thule, who migrated into Canada's Arctic from Alaska about 1,000 years ago. The Inuit do not fall under the Indian Act, but are identified as an Aboriginal people under the Constitution Act, 1982 First Nation people those Indigenous persons who report a single response of "North American Indian" to the Indigenous identity census question scrip Under the Manitoba Act of 1870, certificates issued by Ottawa to the Metis to settle their land claims and to allow them to obtain land. This scrip was issued to individuals and was redeemable in Dominion lands in Manitoba Treaty Rights Specific rights that apply only to the First Nations that signed the treaty in question. While no two treaties are identical, the list of rights always included land (reserves). These rights are protected in the Constitutional Act. reserve Under the Indian Act, lands "held by her Majesty for the use and benefit of the bands for which they were set apart; and subject to this Act and to the terms of any treaty or surrender" Indigenous title A legal term that recognizes an Aboriginal interests in traditionally occupied land. comprehensive land claim agreement Agreement based on territory claimed by an Aboriginal group that was never ceded or surrendered by treaty. Such agreements extinguish the Aboriginal land claim to vast areas in exchange for a relatively small amount of land, capital, and the organizational structure to manage their lands and capital. Manitoba Act 1870 Legislative Act of Parliament that created Canada's fifth province. Also known as the "postage stamp" province, its initial territory only encompassed the Red River Colony. Provisional Government Government formed in 1869 by the Metis, under the leadership of Louis Riel, in order to negotiate the terms to permit the Red River Colony to join Canada as a province. Robinson Treaties 2 of 1850 treaties signed between the Crow and the Ojibwa First Nations of Lake Superior and the Ojibwa Indians of Lake Huron. Big Bear The last of the great chiefs prior to widespread European settlement for Prairies, who had a vision to unite the Plains Cree to stand together against the impending waves of settlers and to find a way to sustain their culture Poundmaker An outstanding political leader of the Plains Cree who played a key role in setting the terms of Treaty No. 6 Loyalists a colonist who supported the British government during the American Revolution Seigneurs feudal lords Chateau Clique Wealthy ruling group who controlled Lower Canada Family Compact A group of officials who dominated senior bureaucratic positions, the executive and legislative councils, and the judiciary in Upper Canada. Quiet Revolution A period of intense social, political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecois began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture. Sovereignty Association A term used by René Lévesque to describe the relationship between Quebec and Canada that he was promoting. It implied that Canada would be politically independent but economically joined to Canada.