Adult Health 1 HESI(2 sets)
Major functions of the kidneys - Filtering out wastes to
be excreted in the urine, regulating blood pressure via
both urinary excretion of wastes and initiating the
renin-angiotensin hormone regulatory system,
regulating an acid-base balance via the bicarbonate
system, and stimulating red blood cell production via
the release of the hormone erythropoietin.
Renal Failure - Renal failure is the temporary or
permanent damage to the kidneys which results in
loss of normal kidney function. There are two types of
renal failure: acute and chronic.
Acute Kidney Injury - The issue of excess fluid volume
is the primary problem of acute renal failure and the
highest priority for the nurse in this situation. The
major problem with acute renal failure is altered fluid
and electrolyte balance, which, if not managed, can
lead to permanent renal damage, cardiac
complications, and death.
Acute Kidney Injury - The issue of excess fluid volume
is the primary problem of acute renal failure and the
highest priority for the nurse in this situation.
Acute Kidney Injury - The major problem with acute
renal failure is altered fluid and electrolyte balance,
,which, if not managed, can lead to permanent renal
damage, cardiac complications, and death.
Acute Kidney Injury - Creatinine is the best indicator
of renal function. Creatinine is a waste product of the
skeletal muscles and is excreted through the kidneys.
Acute Kidney Injury - Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is
also used to measure kidney function, but other
disorders such as dehydration may cause an increase
in BUN. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is related to
liver dysfunction, not renal dysfunction.
Text Reference - p. 1104
Acute Kidney Injury - In renal failure, the kidneys are
unable to excrete creatinine, leading to a serum level
greater than the normal range of 0.7-1.4 mL/dL.
Acute Kidney Injury - Potassium excretion and
regulation are impaired in acute renal failure, and
potassium may therefore be increased.
Acute Kidney Injury - However, potassium may be
increased for reasons other than renal disease,
whereas increased creatinine is specific to renal
disease.
Acute Kidney Injury - Renal failure, whether acute or
chronic, causes an increase in serum urea, creatinine,
and blood urea nitrogen.
, Acute Kidney Injury - Renal failure may also cause
hyperkalemia and anemia and decrease serum
albumin(decreased protein function .
Acute Kidney Injury - The patient with heart failure has
a decreased circulating blood volume. This causes
autoregulatory mechanisms to preserve blood flow to
essential organs. Laboratory data for this patient will
likely demonstrate an elevation in BUN, creatinine,
and potassium.
Acute Kidney Injury - Prerenal azotemia results in a
reduction in the excretion of sodium, increased
sodium and water retention, and decreased urine
output.
Acute Kidney Injury - As per the RIFLE (Risk, Injury,
Failure, Loss, and End-stage) classification for staging
acute kidney injury, this patient is at the Failure stage.
When the GFR has decreased by 25%, the patient is at
the Risk stage. The patient with a GFR that has
decreased by 50% is at the Injury stage. The patient
with persistent acute kidney failure experiences a
complete loss of kidney function and is at the Loss
stage.
Acute Kidney Injury - In renal disease, urea is not
filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and therefore
accumulates in the blood. This results in toxicity to
brain tissue, causing confusion. Anger is a possible
emotional reaction, but it does not manifest as a
Major functions of the kidneys - Filtering out wastes to
be excreted in the urine, regulating blood pressure via
both urinary excretion of wastes and initiating the
renin-angiotensin hormone regulatory system,
regulating an acid-base balance via the bicarbonate
system, and stimulating red blood cell production via
the release of the hormone erythropoietin.
Renal Failure - Renal failure is the temporary or
permanent damage to the kidneys which results in
loss of normal kidney function. There are two types of
renal failure: acute and chronic.
Acute Kidney Injury - The issue of excess fluid volume
is the primary problem of acute renal failure and the
highest priority for the nurse in this situation. The
major problem with acute renal failure is altered fluid
and electrolyte balance, which, if not managed, can
lead to permanent renal damage, cardiac
complications, and death.
Acute Kidney Injury - The issue of excess fluid volume
is the primary problem of acute renal failure and the
highest priority for the nurse in this situation.
Acute Kidney Injury - The major problem with acute
renal failure is altered fluid and electrolyte balance,
,which, if not managed, can lead to permanent renal
damage, cardiac complications, and death.
Acute Kidney Injury - Creatinine is the best indicator
of renal function. Creatinine is a waste product of the
skeletal muscles and is excreted through the kidneys.
Acute Kidney Injury - Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is
also used to measure kidney function, but other
disorders such as dehydration may cause an increase
in BUN. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is related to
liver dysfunction, not renal dysfunction.
Text Reference - p. 1104
Acute Kidney Injury - In renal failure, the kidneys are
unable to excrete creatinine, leading to a serum level
greater than the normal range of 0.7-1.4 mL/dL.
Acute Kidney Injury - Potassium excretion and
regulation are impaired in acute renal failure, and
potassium may therefore be increased.
Acute Kidney Injury - However, potassium may be
increased for reasons other than renal disease,
whereas increased creatinine is specific to renal
disease.
Acute Kidney Injury - Renal failure, whether acute or
chronic, causes an increase in serum urea, creatinine,
and blood urea nitrogen.
, Acute Kidney Injury - Renal failure may also cause
hyperkalemia and anemia and decrease serum
albumin(decreased protein function .
Acute Kidney Injury - The patient with heart failure has
a decreased circulating blood volume. This causes
autoregulatory mechanisms to preserve blood flow to
essential organs. Laboratory data for this patient will
likely demonstrate an elevation in BUN, creatinine,
and potassium.
Acute Kidney Injury - Prerenal azotemia results in a
reduction in the excretion of sodium, increased
sodium and water retention, and decreased urine
output.
Acute Kidney Injury - As per the RIFLE (Risk, Injury,
Failure, Loss, and End-stage) classification for staging
acute kidney injury, this patient is at the Failure stage.
When the GFR has decreased by 25%, the patient is at
the Risk stage. The patient with a GFR that has
decreased by 50% is at the Injury stage. The patient
with persistent acute kidney failure experiences a
complete loss of kidney function and is at the Loss
stage.
Acute Kidney Injury - In renal disease, urea is not
filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and therefore
accumulates in the blood. This results in toxicity to
brain tissue, causing confusion. Anger is a possible
emotional reaction, but it does not manifest as a
