CPL(A) Air Law Definitions 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

accelerate-stop distance available ... accident An occurrence that is associated with the operation of an aircraft and takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and such time as all such persons have disembarked and the engine or any propellers or rotors come to rest, being an occurrence in which;(1) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of; (i) being in the aircraft; or (ii) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including any part that has become detached from the aircraft; or (iii) direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to passengers and crew; or (2) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure that; (i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft; and (ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component; except engine failure or damage that is limited to the engine, its cowlings, or accessories, or damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents, or puncture holes in the aircraft skin; or (3) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible Act The Civil Aviation Act 1990 aerobatic flight ... aerodrome control service An air traffic control service provided for the control of aerodrome traffic. aerodrome operational area (1) the movement area at an aerodrome and its associated strips and safety areas; and (2) any ground installation or facility provided at an aerodrome for the safety of aircraft operations. aerodrome traffic circuit ... aeronautical information circular A notice containing information that;(1) does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIPNZ; and (2) relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters. Aircraft category Aircraft category and category of aircraft means any one of the following classes of aircraft: Aeroplane, balloon, glider, hang glider, helicopter, microlight Air transport operation An operation for the carriage of passengers or goods by air for hire or reward except;(1) a commercial transport operation; or (2) a sightseeing flight or joyride under VFR by day in; (i) a hot air balloon in accordance with Part 91; or (ii) a microlight aircraft in accordance with Part 103; or (iii) a glider in accordance with Part 104; or (3) a helicopter external load operation in accordance with Part 133; or (4) an agricultural aircraft operation in accordance with Part 137; or (5) a parachute operation in accordance with Part 105. Air operation (CAR Part 1) An air transport operation or a commercial transport operation. Airworthiness certificate (1) for a New Zealand registered aircraft, an airworthiness certificate issued by the Director under Part 21, Subpart H; and (2) for a foreign registered aircraft, an airworthiness certificate issued by the competent authority of the State of registry. Airworthy condition The condition of an aircraft, including its components, fuel, and other materials and substances essential to the manufacture and operation of the aircraft, that complies with all the requirements prescribed by the Civil Aviation Rules relating to design, manufacture, maintenance, modification, repair, and safety. Alerting service An air traffic service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and to assist such organisations as required. Alternate aerodrome An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Altitude The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level. Approach control office A unit established to provide ATC service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes. Approach control service An air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights. ATC clearance Authorisation for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit. ATC instruction A directive issued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action. Augmented crew The crew on an aeroplane when it is comprised of more than the minimum crew required by the aeroplane certification. Barometric Vertical Navigation (Baro-VNAV) A navigation system that presents to the pilot computed vertical guidance referenced to a specified vertical path angle (VPA), nominally 3o. The computer-resolved vertical guidance is based on barometric altitude and is specified as a vertical path angle from RDH (Reference datum height). Baro-VNAV approach procedures utilise a DA/H and not an MDA/H, and neither a FAF nor a missed approach point (MAPt) are identified, instead they utilise a final approach point (FAP) only. They use obstacle assessment surfaces similar to those for ILS, but based on the specific RNAV lateral guidance system. Category II precision approach procedure A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height lower than 200 feet, but not lower than 100 feet, and a runway visual range not less than 350 m. Ceiling The height above ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20 000 feet covering more than half the sky. Certificated organization An organisation issued with a certificate under rules made under the Act. Class 3.1A Flammable liquid A liquid that has a flash point of below 23oC and has an initial boiling point (IBP) of a maximum 35oC, and includes petrol based products. Class 3.1C Flammable liquid A liquid that has a flash point at or above 23oC, but at or below 60oC, and includes kerosene based products. Class 3.1D Flammable liquid A liquid that has a flash point of above 60oC, but at or below 93oC, and includes diesel products. Clearance limit The point to which an aircraft is granted an ATC clearance. Command practice The performance by a co-pilot of the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command during a flight under the supervision of a pilot-in-command designated for the purpose by the operator. Commercial transport operation An operation for the carriage of passengers or goods by air for hire or reward;(1) where; (i) each passenger is performing, or undergoing training to perform, a task or duty on the operation; or (ii) the passengers or goods are carried to or from a remote aerodrome; (2) except those operations in paragraph (1) that are; (i) a sightseeing flight or joyride under VFR by day in; ¥ a hot air balloon in accordance with Part 91; or ¥ a microlight aircraft in accordance with Part 103; or ¥ a glider in accordance with Part 104; or ¥ a hang glider or paraglider in accordance with Part 106; or (ii) a helicopter external load operation in accordance with Part 133; or (iii) an agricultural operation in accordance with Part 137; or (iv) a parachute operation in accordance with Part 105. Controlled airspace An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights, and to VFR flights, in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled flight Any flight that is subject to an ATC clearance. Co-pilot A licensed pilot, serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command, but does not include a pilot receiving flight instruction from a pilot on board the aircraft. Crew member A person carried by an aircraft who is;(1) assigned by the operator; (i) as a flight crew member or flight attendant to perform a duty associated with the operation of the flight; or (ii) to perform a duty associated with the operation of the aircraft during flight time; or (2) carried for the sole purpose of; (i) undergoing or giving instruction in the control and navigation of the aircraft; or (ii) undergoing instruction as a flight engineer or flight attendant; or (3) authorised by the Director to exercise a function associated with the operation of the aircraft during flight time or (4) a flight examiner. Dangerous goods Articles or substances that are capable of posing risk to health, safety, property, or the environment and;(a) are listed in, or classified in accordance with, the ICAO's Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air; or (b) have properties that would result in the articles or substances being classified as dangerous goods under the ICAO's Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. Day The hours between;(1) the beginning of morning civil twilight, which is when the centre of the rising sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon; and (2) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. Decision altitude (DA) A specified altitude, referenced to mean sea level, in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. Decision height (DH) A specified height, referenced to the runway threshold, in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. Disabled passenger Any passenger whose physical, medical, or mental condition requires individual attention not normally extended to passengers during an air transport operation. Dual flight time Flight time during which a person is receiving flight instruction from an appropriately licensed and rated pilot on board a dual control aircraft Escorted passenger Any passenger requiring the personal attendance of an appointed escort, during an air transport operation. Final reserve fuel The minimum quantity of fuel required to provide a margin to secure the safe completion of a flight in the event of any unplanned manoeuvring in the vicinity of the destination or alternate or a suitable aerodrome, as the case may be, and in ordinary circumstances remains on board until completion of the landing. Fit and proper person A person who satisfies the fit and proper person test specified in the Act. Flight crew member An appropriately qualified person assigned by the operator for duty in an aircraft during flight time as a pilot or flight engineer. Flight examiner A person who holds a flight examiner rating issued in accordance with Part 61 or is approved by the Director to conduct specific flight tests. Flight level A surface of constant atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of hundreds of feet that; (1) is related to a specific datum 1013.2 hPa; and (2) is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Flight manual A manual, associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing limitations within which the aircraft may be considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft. Flight plan Specified information that is required under the rules to be provided to an ATS unit or to a flight following service regarding an intended flight, or portion of a flight, of an aircraft. Flight time The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of flight until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight including all associated push back, taxiing and subsequent holding time. Height The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum and includes the vertical dimension of an object. Heliport Any defined area of land or water, and any defined area on a structure, intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure, and surface movement of helicopters. IFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules. Incident Any occurrence, other than an accident, that is associated with the operation of an aircraft and affects or could affect the safety of operation. Instrument approach procedure A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route, to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Instrument flight Flight during which an aircraft is piloted solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points. Instrument flight time Time during which an aircraft is piloted solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points. Instrument meteorological conditions Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. Instrument time Includes instrument flight time and time during which a pilot is practising simulated instrument flight on an approved mechanical device. Minimum descent altitude (MDA) A specified altitude, referenced to mean sea level, in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made without visual reference. Minimum descent height (MDH) A specified height, referenced to the runway threshold, in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made without visual reference. Minimum safe altitude (MSA) The lowest altitude, rounded up to the nearest 100ft, which provides the terrain clearance required by CAR 91.423. Note that this is not the ICAO MSA (minimum SECTOR altitude) which in New Zealand is referred to as MSA 25NM - see below. Minimum sector altitude (MSA 25NM) The lowest altitude that may be used that will provide a minimum clearance of 1000ft (2000ft in designated mountainous zones) above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 25NM radius centred on a radio aid to navigation or, where associated with GNSS procedures, the Aerodrome Reference Point. Night (1) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon, and (2) the beginning of morning civil twilight, which is when the centre of the rising sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. NOTAM A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. Passenger In relation to an aircraft, means any person carried by the aircraft, other than a crew member. Pilot-in-command In relation to any aircraft, means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft. Precision approach procedure An instrument approach procedure utilising azimuth and glide path information. Pressure altitude An atmospheric pressure, expressed in terms of altitude, which corresponds to that pressure in the standard atmosphere. Procedure Altitude A recommended altitude established to accommodate a stabilised descent profile on a prescribed descent angle in the final approach segment. Procedure altitudes may also be applied in the intermediate segment. A procedure altitude will never be less than the segment obstacle clearance altitude. Rated coverage The rated coverage of an NDB is the area surrounding the NDB within which bearings can be obtained with an accuracy sufficient for the nature of the operation concerned. The area is defined by a radial distance from the NDB. This is similar to the ICAO term 'effective coverage'. Rating An authorisation entered on, or associated with, a licence, certificate, or logbook, and forming part of it, stating special conditions, privileges, or limitations relating to the licence or certificate. Regular air transport passenger service A service offered by an operator consisting of four or more air transport operations for the carriage of passengers between two or more aerodromes within any consecutive 28 day period. Reporting point A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. RNP performance A containment value, expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended position, within which flights would be for at least 95% of the total flying time. Runway visual range The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centreline. SARTIME The time nominated by a pilot for the initiation of alerting action. Serious incident An incident involving circumstances indicating that an accident nearly occurred. Segment OCA An altitude that provides required obstacle clearance for a given segment of the approach. It is a minimum altitude established by the procedure designer and is meant to be a do not descend below altitude. Take-off distance available The length of the take-off run available plus the length of any clearway. Take-off run available The length of the runway declared by the aerodrome operator as available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking-off. Take-off weight The weight of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-off run and includes everything and everyone carried in or on the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-off run. Technical Instructions ICAO Document 9284 Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air approved and published by decision of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organisation under Annex 18 of the Convention. Threshold That point where a 1:20 obstacle-free approach surface intersects the runway surface. Type (1) in relation to the licensing of aviation personnel means all aircraft of the same basic design, including all modifications thereto except those modifications which result in a significant change in handling or flight characteristics or (2) in relation to the certification of aircraft, aircraft engines, or propellers, means those aircraft, aircraft engines or propellers which are similar in design. Unlawful interference An act or attempted act endangering a passenger, crew member, ground personnel, aircraft, or facility. VFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules. Visibility The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of measurement, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visual meteorological conditions Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima. ZFT simulator A synthetic flight trainer which; (1) meets the standard of level 5 as described in New Zealand Civil Aviation Publication CAP 37 dated 1 March 1986, or (2) meets the standard of level D/phase III as described in Appendix H (dated 30 July 1980) to Part 121 of the United States Federal Aviation Regulations, or (3) meets an equivalent standard acceptable to the Director.