. Introduction Of Human Anatomy (General Anatomy)
Introduction lecture is meant for newly admitted student in medical colleges. Anatomy will just tell you how
our body is constituted what is the structure of our body. Biochemistry and biochemistry will deal with the
functions of the human body that is very important to the body. All three subjects are also known as the b
asic medical sciences. To know whether any structure of the body and organ is normal or not you have to
learn anatomy. To understand the function and disease you will have to understand anatomy physiology a
nd biochemistry now then we now concentrate only on the subject of anatomy okay so just for the time bei
ng we will just deal with the human anatomy subject. There are four branches of human anatomy which y
ou are supposed to learn in the first year of medical science. The gross anatomy means the structure whi
ch you can see by the naked eye without the help of the microscope. The categoric anatomy is the most i
mportant will be the cadaver.
The categoric anatomy is the anatomy learned by the dead body but the living anatomy is learned by a livi
ng person. The gross anatomy can be very well seen by the naked eye but at the same time you will also
learn living anatomy. The histology is the microscopic anatomy and embryology are the developmental an
atomy. Grass anatomy is defined as the study of the structure that can be seen with the naked eye. The v
arious structure of body and their inter relationship can very easily be studied by the diff by the dissection
method that was our definition of the anatomy. Most of the dead bodies which we receive in the anatomy f
or the dissections they are donated bodies and because of that now more and more people have started
donating their dead bodies. If you are learning the gross anatomy that has two different methods of learni
ng the first method is systemic anatomy that means where where your teacher can teach you system afte
r system that means first cardiovascular circular and circulatory system. The second method is called as r
egional anatomy which means you study the human body structure from region to region for example.
Most of the departments in world teach you the x-rays after the completion of that region say for example
head and neck region. The knowledge of anatomy when it is used in your clinical practice on your patient
that is called as the clinical or applied anatomy both living and clinical anatomy will be taught to you along
with the cadaveric anatomy. Human gross anatomy or categoric anatomy concept can only be learned ve
ry well if you learn the general anatomy first. The general anatomy provides the basic concept of the gros
s anatomy without understanding the general aspect of the grass anatomy which will be taught in this 10 t
o 12 lectures in the beginning. The medical council of india according to the new curriculum the concept-b
ased medical education they have included the electron microscopy to the of various systems of the body
now histology is taught. The embryology deals with the development of an individual from conception to a
dult form that is up to the you become adult.
When a person or a patient is brought to you which is having congenital anomalies you should be able to
diagnose it as a congenital anomaly. When you learn the embryology you can not learn many of the struct
ure of the human body because you are learning it right from the beginning how these structures are form
ed which are present in my credible okay in my dead body. The human anatomy has four sub disciplines i
ncluding gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, embryology and genetics. In the next 10 to 12 lectures yo
u will learn the structure of human body with the help of the microscope and embryology. The molecular g
enetics and chromosomal chromosome can be seen by light microscope but genes can not be seen with
any method you have to just depend on indirect method.
,. Anatomical Position & Planes (General Anatomy)
This is the first lecture on anatomical terminology. The term means word and throughout the world the me
dical professionals they use some special terms or words which is not used by the general public. Most of
the these terms they have come from the european countries like greek and latin. These terms are used f
or in the medical sciences when you become a clinician you will be using these terms. Anatomy transform
s the vocabulary or the language of the medical science so in other words what we are going to learn toda
y is the. language of medical science. anatomical position is an important position which will be form your
basis of all those terms. There are some terms which are not used by the common people okay only the
medical people will use it for example arm or arm. The term arm is where and medical terminology arm is
between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint it forms the arm so never confuse arm as a whole upper li
mb it is a spatial part of the upper limb.
anatomical position is an imaginary position in which body is considered to be always erect or in static say
for example in this diagram the person is standing in anatomical position. The first condition in imaging a
nd anatomical position should be this condition should be there that is it should be the body is standing up
right absolutely not leaning forward or backward. The third condition is that upper limb should be hanging
by the side. The first lesson which you have learned today is what is anatomical position and how to stand
in anatomical position. Both the lower limbs should be parallel to each other and feet are directed anterior
ly their feet should be directed. The palm should look forward that means we have already learned that thi
s surface is called of the hand is called as palmer surface or palm. anatomical position is accepted worldw
ide to describe the anatomical relations in catabols or the patients okay in relations in categories or as i h
ave already described anatomical positions should always be imagined even if cadaver or patient is lying
down on table with face upward that means when a patient is on the table and if his face is looking toward
s the roof that position is called as supine position and when if body categor or dead body is on table that
is when the face is. looking downward that means his back is looking at the roof but his face. is looking. to
wards downwards that is. called as the prone position. and what is anatomical position. These planes are
passing through the body in different position as
There are four planes and these three planes pass at different levels at different positions in body. The m
edian plane divides the body in two equal halves. The societal plane is not shown in this diagram but i will
explain to you in other so now you know that there are three planes. the first plane which we will run will
be the our median plane. These planes are planes are exactly parallel to median so they are either on rig
ht side or they are on the left side of the median plane okay so you can cut so many median planes here
okay just if i will put this here you can see that this may be and another celital plane on the one side of thi
s. This may be an another sagittal plane or a societal plane and there may be many sagittal planes. Thes
e planes will divide the body into an upper and lower part. These planes are perpendicular to the long axis
of the body. Oblique plane is easy to define that because it has no rules any other plane. The median pla
ne is the median plane the sagittal plane then the coronal plane and the transverse plane. i think i should
stop here and then in a separate lecture i should come to the terms of relationships.
,. Anatomical Terminology II (General Anatomy)
This is a lecture in the series of general anatomy and the title of this lecture is anatomical terminology ter
ms of position. What we are going to learn is about the relationship of one structure with that of the other
structure of body and for that there are the fixed terms terms means word there is a different vocabulary w
hich will describe the relationship among the structures. The term anterior means towards the front side of
the body and the opposite is inferior. The term antea is similar to that of the ventral and opposite of anteri
or. superior means towards head or upper part of any structure is called as superior while the opposite m
eaning will be inferior inferior means towards foot or feet. The median plane is the plane that is known as t
he median plane which divides the body into equal half right and left okay so now here the two terms are
medial and lateral medial medial. medial means anything which is nearer to median plane. lateral means
anything that is away from that of median plane for example here is the double-headed arrow.
Anything which is towards the root of the limb is called as proximal and anything which is away from the r
oot is called distal. Any point in between the two will be called as the intermediate okay intermediate agai
n the opposite meaning again in pair okay so these are the terms of relationship which will be used to des
cribe the relation of two structures. There are two terms pair of terms one is superior and inferior another i
s medial and the lateral. A combination of these two terms will be used for example the point in the name
will be called as supromedial why because it is superior. It is superior but this point is not as compared to
this point towards the head so it is inferior. A simple diagram of a person is necessary to learn the these t
erms of relationship. These relative terms define the position of two structure in relation to one another. L
ayman ’s term it is buttock region and this is close to the energy aspect of the thigh. The third term is ipsil
ateral that means it is that where the two structures they are occurring only on one side structure they occ
ur on they do n’t occur on the opposite side.
The two parts of large intestine ascending column and the descending column are called contra lateral for
example again. The next lecture will be on the terms of movements movements occurring in the body ok
ay at the joints at various joints. There may be many other terms described in many books.
. Terms of Relationship (General Anatomy)
There are specific terms are specific words which are used in the medical science and this is called as the
terms of relationship, so we are going to. I will demonstrate you those terms okay which will show you the
relationship with each other.. The first term which will is used in describing this relationship is interior and
posterior anterior.. The medical science is that of the superior and inferior superior ways towards the head
and inferior means towards the feet.. These terms denote the relationship between the two structures are
together again. the third pair of the term, which is called as medial and lateral are opposite meaning of th
e meaning see here. Let us see this point here which i am holding and this line. the relative terms which a
re having opposite me let us come to an another pair of the term, what is called as proximal. And least an
d this term that is the pair of terms is used in relation to the link. proximal means one which is towards the
root of the lip. The shoulder joint is the root. the other thing which is away from this root is called called a
s the distance..
, These are relative they compare only two points and this will become inflow later because they are not fix
ed. It keeps on changing so these are the different points in this way.. you can practice this kind of term b
y drawing a simple diagram on your notebook and just putting it in your notebook.. unilet unilateral means
when some organ is a structure of the body is present only on one side of the median plane.. another set
of the term is sometime called as unilet unilateral. another term sometime will be used and it is called as i
psy lateral ipsilateral means where these two structures they are on the same side. For example, this plan
e and an another organ which is called descending column. They are together only on the one side.. class
. So learn these terms by heart.
. Anatomical Terminology III (General Anatomy)
This is the third in the series of anatomical terminology.. This lecture is on the terms of movements. the va
rious movement which takes place at various joint in human body are recognized in medical science by s
pecific names by the people who are working in the health professions.. These are the words which descri
be these movements are called as terms of movement. the angle between the forearm and arm is reduce
d here. See this angle is less as compared to this angle between inner as you were standing in anatomica
l position, so you are bringing the form towards the arm, and here the tooth anterior or flexor surface of for
earm and the arm they are coming close to each other, and angle is reduced between thigh and that of th
e leg okay thigh and the leg. The movements are called as the abduction and adduction, abduction and a
ddiction. These are mostly used in relation to the limbs, but the abduction can also be used to the trunk w
hen your trunk moves to the one side. the terms are little different than flexion and extension, but it help u
s to remember that darcy means two dorsal surfaces. They come close to..
Adduction adduction means add a double D and you know what is add. adduction means where two limbs
they are added to each other like that that way you can remember what is the meaning of adduction. The
part moves towards the median plane here, the part is moving that limb, upper limb or lower limb. From t
his abducted position is going back to the same position.. anatomical position that is called as addiction.. i
nversion means when the soul of the food faces laterally. This is called as ever sun okay. So remember in
in means towards inside and you means are the outside okay so inversion and e-version. When you will
draw this diagram, you will understand it okay just draw a rub diagram and try to understand the direction
of the movement. So medial movement is of the soul I mean foot where the soul faces medially. is inversi
on. the movement of forearm and hand is called the pronation and supination.. the supination is will be cal
led when the palm faces anciently. the pronation can also be demonstrated. While your elbow is flat, so m
ake your elbow flex at right angle will be there with the arm so flex your elbow..
When this person is standing is standing forward or it in when you are in the semiflex position at albo join
be In this condition, the palm will face towards the roof. when the movement takes place at the shoulder j
oint in circular facian okay as during the balling of cricket ball you hold the cricket ball in your hand and th
en while running you are moving your arm.. This is the elevation and the opposite will be the depression i
nferiorly it is the prison elevation and that of the depression. when body part of the body moves backward
towards the back. It is called as the retraction or bringing back to the protruded part to its normal position t
hat is also called as retraction.. next lecture will be on skin because the skin you met first in during the dis
section.
Introduction lecture is meant for newly admitted student in medical colleges. Anatomy will just tell you how
our body is constituted what is the structure of our body. Biochemistry and biochemistry will deal with the
functions of the human body that is very important to the body. All three subjects are also known as the b
asic medical sciences. To know whether any structure of the body and organ is normal or not you have to
learn anatomy. To understand the function and disease you will have to understand anatomy physiology a
nd biochemistry now then we now concentrate only on the subject of anatomy okay so just for the time bei
ng we will just deal with the human anatomy subject. There are four branches of human anatomy which y
ou are supposed to learn in the first year of medical science. The gross anatomy means the structure whi
ch you can see by the naked eye without the help of the microscope. The categoric anatomy is the most i
mportant will be the cadaver.
The categoric anatomy is the anatomy learned by the dead body but the living anatomy is learned by a livi
ng person. The gross anatomy can be very well seen by the naked eye but at the same time you will also
learn living anatomy. The histology is the microscopic anatomy and embryology are the developmental an
atomy. Grass anatomy is defined as the study of the structure that can be seen with the naked eye. The v
arious structure of body and their inter relationship can very easily be studied by the diff by the dissection
method that was our definition of the anatomy. Most of the dead bodies which we receive in the anatomy f
or the dissections they are donated bodies and because of that now more and more people have started
donating their dead bodies. If you are learning the gross anatomy that has two different methods of learni
ng the first method is systemic anatomy that means where where your teacher can teach you system afte
r system that means first cardiovascular circular and circulatory system. The second method is called as r
egional anatomy which means you study the human body structure from region to region for example.
Most of the departments in world teach you the x-rays after the completion of that region say for example
head and neck region. The knowledge of anatomy when it is used in your clinical practice on your patient
that is called as the clinical or applied anatomy both living and clinical anatomy will be taught to you along
with the cadaveric anatomy. Human gross anatomy or categoric anatomy concept can only be learned ve
ry well if you learn the general anatomy first. The general anatomy provides the basic concept of the gros
s anatomy without understanding the general aspect of the grass anatomy which will be taught in this 10 t
o 12 lectures in the beginning. The medical council of india according to the new curriculum the concept-b
ased medical education they have included the electron microscopy to the of various systems of the body
now histology is taught. The embryology deals with the development of an individual from conception to a
dult form that is up to the you become adult.
When a person or a patient is brought to you which is having congenital anomalies you should be able to
diagnose it as a congenital anomaly. When you learn the embryology you can not learn many of the struct
ure of the human body because you are learning it right from the beginning how these structures are form
ed which are present in my credible okay in my dead body. The human anatomy has four sub disciplines i
ncluding gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, embryology and genetics. In the next 10 to 12 lectures yo
u will learn the structure of human body with the help of the microscope and embryology. The molecular g
enetics and chromosomal chromosome can be seen by light microscope but genes can not be seen with
any method you have to just depend on indirect method.
,. Anatomical Position & Planes (General Anatomy)
This is the first lecture on anatomical terminology. The term means word and throughout the world the me
dical professionals they use some special terms or words which is not used by the general public. Most of
the these terms they have come from the european countries like greek and latin. These terms are used f
or in the medical sciences when you become a clinician you will be using these terms. Anatomy transform
s the vocabulary or the language of the medical science so in other words what we are going to learn toda
y is the. language of medical science. anatomical position is an important position which will be form your
basis of all those terms. There are some terms which are not used by the common people okay only the
medical people will use it for example arm or arm. The term arm is where and medical terminology arm is
between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint it forms the arm so never confuse arm as a whole upper li
mb it is a spatial part of the upper limb.
anatomical position is an imaginary position in which body is considered to be always erect or in static say
for example in this diagram the person is standing in anatomical position. The first condition in imaging a
nd anatomical position should be this condition should be there that is it should be the body is standing up
right absolutely not leaning forward or backward. The third condition is that upper limb should be hanging
by the side. The first lesson which you have learned today is what is anatomical position and how to stand
in anatomical position. Both the lower limbs should be parallel to each other and feet are directed anterior
ly their feet should be directed. The palm should look forward that means we have already learned that thi
s surface is called of the hand is called as palmer surface or palm. anatomical position is accepted worldw
ide to describe the anatomical relations in catabols or the patients okay in relations in categories or as i h
ave already described anatomical positions should always be imagined even if cadaver or patient is lying
down on table with face upward that means when a patient is on the table and if his face is looking toward
s the roof that position is called as supine position and when if body categor or dead body is on table that
is when the face is. looking downward that means his back is looking at the roof but his face. is looking. to
wards downwards that is. called as the prone position. and what is anatomical position. These planes are
passing through the body in different position as
There are four planes and these three planes pass at different levels at different positions in body. The m
edian plane divides the body in two equal halves. The societal plane is not shown in this diagram but i will
explain to you in other so now you know that there are three planes. the first plane which we will run will
be the our median plane. These planes are planes are exactly parallel to median so they are either on rig
ht side or they are on the left side of the median plane okay so you can cut so many median planes here
okay just if i will put this here you can see that this may be and another celital plane on the one side of thi
s. This may be an another sagittal plane or a societal plane and there may be many sagittal planes. Thes
e planes will divide the body into an upper and lower part. These planes are perpendicular to the long axis
of the body. Oblique plane is easy to define that because it has no rules any other plane. The median pla
ne is the median plane the sagittal plane then the coronal plane and the transverse plane. i think i should
stop here and then in a separate lecture i should come to the terms of relationships.
,. Anatomical Terminology II (General Anatomy)
This is a lecture in the series of general anatomy and the title of this lecture is anatomical terminology ter
ms of position. What we are going to learn is about the relationship of one structure with that of the other
structure of body and for that there are the fixed terms terms means word there is a different vocabulary w
hich will describe the relationship among the structures. The term anterior means towards the front side of
the body and the opposite is inferior. The term antea is similar to that of the ventral and opposite of anteri
or. superior means towards head or upper part of any structure is called as superior while the opposite m
eaning will be inferior inferior means towards foot or feet. The median plane is the plane that is known as t
he median plane which divides the body into equal half right and left okay so now here the two terms are
medial and lateral medial medial. medial means anything which is nearer to median plane. lateral means
anything that is away from that of median plane for example here is the double-headed arrow.
Anything which is towards the root of the limb is called as proximal and anything which is away from the r
oot is called distal. Any point in between the two will be called as the intermediate okay intermediate agai
n the opposite meaning again in pair okay so these are the terms of relationship which will be used to des
cribe the relation of two structures. There are two terms pair of terms one is superior and inferior another i
s medial and the lateral. A combination of these two terms will be used for example the point in the name
will be called as supromedial why because it is superior. It is superior but this point is not as compared to
this point towards the head so it is inferior. A simple diagram of a person is necessary to learn the these t
erms of relationship. These relative terms define the position of two structure in relation to one another. L
ayman ’s term it is buttock region and this is close to the energy aspect of the thigh. The third term is ipsil
ateral that means it is that where the two structures they are occurring only on one side structure they occ
ur on they do n’t occur on the opposite side.
The two parts of large intestine ascending column and the descending column are called contra lateral for
example again. The next lecture will be on the terms of movements movements occurring in the body ok
ay at the joints at various joints. There may be many other terms described in many books.
. Terms of Relationship (General Anatomy)
There are specific terms are specific words which are used in the medical science and this is called as the
terms of relationship, so we are going to. I will demonstrate you those terms okay which will show you the
relationship with each other.. The first term which will is used in describing this relationship is interior and
posterior anterior.. The medical science is that of the superior and inferior superior ways towards the head
and inferior means towards the feet.. These terms denote the relationship between the two structures are
together again. the third pair of the term, which is called as medial and lateral are opposite meaning of th
e meaning see here. Let us see this point here which i am holding and this line. the relative terms which a
re having opposite me let us come to an another pair of the term, what is called as proximal. And least an
d this term that is the pair of terms is used in relation to the link. proximal means one which is towards the
root of the lip. The shoulder joint is the root. the other thing which is away from this root is called called a
s the distance..
, These are relative they compare only two points and this will become inflow later because they are not fix
ed. It keeps on changing so these are the different points in this way.. you can practice this kind of term b
y drawing a simple diagram on your notebook and just putting it in your notebook.. unilet unilateral means
when some organ is a structure of the body is present only on one side of the median plane.. another set
of the term is sometime called as unilet unilateral. another term sometime will be used and it is called as i
psy lateral ipsilateral means where these two structures they are on the same side. For example, this plan
e and an another organ which is called descending column. They are together only on the one side.. class
. So learn these terms by heart.
. Anatomical Terminology III (General Anatomy)
This is the third in the series of anatomical terminology.. This lecture is on the terms of movements. the va
rious movement which takes place at various joint in human body are recognized in medical science by s
pecific names by the people who are working in the health professions.. These are the words which descri
be these movements are called as terms of movement. the angle between the forearm and arm is reduce
d here. See this angle is less as compared to this angle between inner as you were standing in anatomica
l position, so you are bringing the form towards the arm, and here the tooth anterior or flexor surface of for
earm and the arm they are coming close to each other, and angle is reduced between thigh and that of th
e leg okay thigh and the leg. The movements are called as the abduction and adduction, abduction and a
ddiction. These are mostly used in relation to the limbs, but the abduction can also be used to the trunk w
hen your trunk moves to the one side. the terms are little different than flexion and extension, but it help u
s to remember that darcy means two dorsal surfaces. They come close to..
Adduction adduction means add a double D and you know what is add. adduction means where two limbs
they are added to each other like that that way you can remember what is the meaning of adduction. The
part moves towards the median plane here, the part is moving that limb, upper limb or lower limb. From t
his abducted position is going back to the same position.. anatomical position that is called as addiction.. i
nversion means when the soul of the food faces laterally. This is called as ever sun okay. So remember in
in means towards inside and you means are the outside okay so inversion and e-version. When you will
draw this diagram, you will understand it okay just draw a rub diagram and try to understand the direction
of the movement. So medial movement is of the soul I mean foot where the soul faces medially. is inversi
on. the movement of forearm and hand is called the pronation and supination.. the supination is will be cal
led when the palm faces anciently. the pronation can also be demonstrated. While your elbow is flat, so m
ake your elbow flex at right angle will be there with the arm so flex your elbow..
When this person is standing is standing forward or it in when you are in the semiflex position at albo join
be In this condition, the palm will face towards the roof. when the movement takes place at the shoulder j
oint in circular facian okay as during the balling of cricket ball you hold the cricket ball in your hand and th
en while running you are moving your arm.. This is the elevation and the opposite will be the depression i
nferiorly it is the prison elevation and that of the depression. when body part of the body moves backward
towards the back. It is called as the retraction or bringing back to the protruded part to its normal position t
hat is also called as retraction.. next lecture will be on skin because the skin you met first in during the dis
section.
