CS 415 Quiz 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

what are the three major considerations one should have when developing an IPM strategy? socially acceptable, environmentally responsible, economically feasible what are the six crops used in the Pilot IPM program known as the Huffacker Project? soybean, cotton, alfalfa, pine, pome (fleshy) and stone (hard endocarp) fruits, citrus what are the 3 levels of IPM? level 1: integration of control of a single pest levels 2: integration of control of multiple pests level 3: integration of control of multiple pests in a system, ecosystem integration what does the acronym PAMS stand for as related to pest management? prevention, avoidance, monitoring, suppression if you are going to apply a pesticide, what are the 6 elements that need to be considered when doing so? 1. use cost:benefit analysis when deciding whether or not to apply the pesticide 2. use the pesticide with the least potential to damage the environment or negatively impact human health 3. use precision agriculture techniques whenever possible 4. calibrate sprayers frequently 5. practice pesticide resistance management strategies 6. use vegetative buffer strips whenever possible reasons for insect success 1. exoskeleton 2. small size 3. flight 4. reproductive capacity 5. metamorphosis 6. adaptability what are the two major pest management practices that can be used in most settings around the world? host plant resistance, crop rotation what are survival strategies for insects? migration, cold-hardiness, parthenogenesis, polymorphous, diapause economic injury level (EIL) EIL= (C x N) / (V x I) C: cost of control N: # of insects injuring the commodity V: commodity value I: % of commodity injured factors that impact changes in insect populations environment, introduction from abroad, destruction of natural enemies, development & expression of resistance to stresses effective insect management identification, quantification, specification, application, evaluation management strategies crop rotation, intercropping, managed application, sanitation what are two major ways to conserve biological controls? ameliorate pesticide effects, promote an environment that fosters diversity of habitat why are agricultural systems often considered ecologically unstable? they lack diversity what is a food web? feeding relationships among species within a community (who eats who) what are the four components of the disease triangle? susceptible host, favorable environment, pathogen present, sufficient time for each of the following, indicate which of the following terms (prevalence, incidence, severity) is most appropriate. number of greenhouses with the disease present _______? number of plants in a greenhouse with disease expressed _______? percentage of plants with disease symptoms _______? prevalence, fincidence, severity list the 6 dispersal mechanisms for disease dispersion. wind, water, soil, plant material, vectors, tools/equipment what does the acronym EDRR stand for? early detection rapid response which of the following describes Striga (witchweed) obligate parasite parasite that grows away from the host root corn is a susceptible host stimulant from host root system necessary for germination obligate parasite corn is a susceptible host stimulant from host root system necessary for germination list 2 counties in NC with currently documented populations of witchweed Bladen, Sampson, Cumberland, Penden, Robeson what are three other noxious weed control programs in NC other than witchweed? giant hogweed, tropical soda apple, tropical spiderplant which of the following are initial events that led to advancement of IPM principles? expansion of range of pink bollworm increased insecticide sprays, epidemic of southern corn leaf blight, debate cancellation of DDT biological control agents can return balance to the ecosystem through augmentation, importation, conservation weed interference includes the following allelopathy and competition what percentage of the non-crop land scape is generally considered the threshold for receiving positive impacts from parasitoids? 20% which of the following best describes natural control? regulation of population densities by abiotic and biotic factors which of the following best describes biological control? manipulation of beneficial organisms to regulate population densities of undesirable organisms which of the following best describes insect injury? reflects the loss in yield and quality associated with insects dormancy of weed seed can be caused by which of the following mechanisms? impermeable seed coat, hard seed coat which of the following describes the percentage of variable costs for most vegetable crops associated with pesticide expenditures? 5% which of the following describes the percentage of variable costs for most argonomic crops associated with pesticides expenditures? 15% what does the acronym EDRR denote? Early Detection Rapid Response; a practice that requires public awareness and timely response which of the following are elements of a holistic approach to managing witchweed in NC? hand removal, rotation, herbicides the EIL is calculated using which of the following? cost of controling the pest, value of the crop or commodity, yield loss at a certain density of the pest the economic threshold can be described by the following is lower than the EIL, is considered a dynamic number because of logistical challenges, includes both the cost of the insecticide and application cost what is the APHIS description of a quarantine criteria for noxious weeds? if the plant was found in 12 counties it would be a candidate for quarantine which of the following would be considered a possible call of a weed to humans? medicine, organic matter, reduction in soil erosion, food source for many weeds the critical period of weed interference occurs during which of the following? first 3-6 weeks of the growing season which are the 5 components of weed management? cultivation, crop competition, rotation, herbicides, weed identification and scouting which of the following explains the ability of insects to be successful? exoskeleton, metamorphosis, fecundity and fertility which of the following characteristics contribute to a weed being successful? abundant seed production, dormancy, competitive ability, asexual reproductive adaptation augmentation bio control mass rearing of a beneficial organism and release conservation bio control enhancing beneficial enemy efficacy by modifying pesticide use of the environment importation bio control introducing an effective natural enemy for the exotic invasive organisms homeland EDRR approach to effective management of invasive pests narrow rows pest suppression adaptability important factor for organism survival spider mites a possible secondary pest parthenogenesis females are okay without males being around augmentation requires mass rearing and release fertility refers to the offspring produced from eggs witchweed parasitic weed importation self-maintaining and extremely cost effective fecundity reflects the number of eggs male sterility technique important in success of managing screw worms 4.5 billion dollars value of parasitoids and predators to US agriculture planting certified seed valuable in minimizing weed spread conservation ecologically selective use of pesticides epidemiology disease intensity in a population over space and time very specific host parasitoids in general carrying capacity resource limits dormancy characteristic of an effective weed exoskeleton morphological characteristic giving strength and protection to insects