BIO 202L a&p2 lab 11 The Circulatory System, Lab 16 The Digestive System, Lab 14 The Urinary

1. Describe the pathway of blood traveling through the closed system of the circulatory system starting with the right atrium. Right Atrium -- tricuspid valve -- right ventricle -- pulmonary semilunar valves -- pulmonary trunk -- pulmonary arteries -- lungs (oxygenated blood returned to heart through pulmonary veins -- left atrium -- bicuspid (mitral) valve -- left ventricle -- aortic semilunar valves -- ascending aorta (blood goes to rest of body in systemic circulation -- superior and inferior vena cava Alternatively, you may also draw a map of blood traveling through the closed circulatory system and insert it below 2. What are the main resistance vessels of the circulatory system? How are they controlled? The main resistance vessels are veins, arteries, and the lymphatic system vessels. When they vasodilate they are controlled by the sympathetic system. When they vasoconstrict they are controlled by the parasympathetic system. This is done through the automatic nervous system. Experiment 1: Microscopic Examination of Blood Vessels Post-Lab Questions 1. Label each of the items in the following slide pictures based on your observations. A- Tunica Adventitia B- Tunica Intima C- Tunica Media D- Lipids E- Tunica Intima F- Tunica Adventitia G- Tunica Media 2. What differences did you observe in the structure of an artery versus the structure of a vein? Veins have flaps to keep blood from moving backwards in vessel. Arteries are more muscular and have smaller internal spaces than veins. 3. Explain the direction of blood flow and the type of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated) found in each vessel in the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Vessel Direction State of Blood Artery Away from heart oxygenated Arteriole Away from heart oxygenated Pulmonary Artery Towards the heart oxygenated Capillary Arteries to veins dexoygenated Venule Veins to capillaries oxygenated Vein Towards the heart deoxygenated Pulmonary Vein Lungs to the heart Oxygenated 4. Which vessels allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients across their cell layers? Capillaries 5. List the vessels in order of ascending pressure within the circulatory system. Veins -- venules -- capillaries -- arterioles -- arteries Experiment 2: Virtual Model – The Circulatory System Insert screenshot of the descending aorta: Insert screenshot of the brachial veins: Insert screenshot of the femoral artery: Post-Lab Questions 1. In what body region does the aorta originate? The left ventricle 2. What organ does the renal artery supply? It supplies the kidneys 3. What branch of the external carotid artery supplies the chin/jaw region with blood? The maxillary arteries 4. I Is the common iliac vein anterior or posterior to the femoral artery? anterior 5. What is the name of the artery in the pelvic region that directly feeds into the femoral artery? External iliac artery Experiment 3: Blood Pressure Table 2: Blood Pressure and Pulse Readings Activity Blood Pressure (Systolic/Diastolic; mmHg) Pulse (beats/minute) Basal (Normal) 95/60 75 Lying Down 99/62 72 After Exercise 103/60 80 Table 2: Blood Pressure and Pulse Readings Activity Blood Pressure (Systolic/Diastolic; mmHg) Pulse (beats/minute) Basal (Normal) 98/62 75 Lying Down 101/63 70 Activity Blood Pressure (Systolic/Diastolic; mmHg) Pulse (beats/minute) After Exercise 107/60 83 Post-Lab Questions 1. What is systolic pressure? Diastolic pressure? Systolic = the top number on the reading which measures the force of blood against your artery walls while your ventricles squeeze pushing blood out to the rest of your body Diastolic = bottom number on the reading which measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting in between beats. 2. Why is pressure a sensible reading to measure circulatory health? Through pressure we can determine how much blood is pumped out of the heart in a single contraction. 3. Explain the “lub-dub” sounds of the heartbeat. Lub = first heart sound “S1,” upon closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at start of systole. Dub = second heart sound “S2” caused by closure of aortic and pulmonic valves 4. Why do blood pressure and heart rate change after exercise? After exercising, your muscles need more oxygen than they do when you are at rest, so you need to breathe more quickly. In order to breathe faster, your heart has to pump harder and faster to circulate blood to deliver oxygen to your muscles. This causes systolic blood pressure to rise. 5. How might the results in Table 2 change if someone else preformed the activities? Why? If someone else preformed activities, the results in table 2 would very likely change. One persons resting heart rate might be different from another persons resting heart rate. One person might have to work harder to preform than another, which would require their heart to pump harder and faster. 6. Why is it important for blood to flow in only one direction? To avoid mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood could lead to heart failure. Experiment 4: Fetal Pig Dissection: The Circulatory System Post-Lab Questions 1. What is the process that is responsible for moving molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? In what part of the circulatory system does this happen? Click here to enter text. 2. What observations did you make about the fetal pig’s circulatory system? Click here to enter text. Insert photo of your pig’s exposed heart, aorta, and jugular vein with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: Lab 16 The Digestive System Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Explain the digestion that occurs in the oral cavity. The oral cavity is the primary point through which food enters the body. Here, food is masticated and mixed with saliva which helps it to be broken down,this is called chemical digestion. The food is broken down into simple nutrients that can be used by the cell. 2. What is the function of the liver in digestion? The main function of the liver in digestion is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestines. 3. What role does the gall bladder play in digestion? The gallbladder stores bile and releases it through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fats. 4. Why is the orientation of muscle of the stomach wall important? How does this contribute to its function? Because it allows the stomach to churn the food in different directions and physically grind it as the muscle contract. Experiment 1: Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System Post-Lab Questions 1. Label the items in the following slide pictures. A- lamina propria B- epithelia C- lumen D- mucosa E- submucosa 2. What is unique about the small intestine mucosa? The small intestine mucosa acts as an absorption surface, with the help of villi.It is also a barrier to potential pathogens and microorganisms. BIO202L Insert esophagus digital slide drawing: Insert small intestine digital slide drawing: Insert stomach digital slide drawing: Experiment 2: Virtual Model – Exploring the Digestive System Post-Lab Questions 1. Is the stomach dorsal or ventral to the pancreas? The stomach is ventral to the pancreas 2. Is the liver dorsal or ventral to the stomach? The liver is dorsal to the stomach. 3. Is the vesica biliaris superior or inferior to the esophagus? The vesica biliaris is inferior to the esophagus 4. Is the right parotid gland or the tongue more medial to the body? The tongue is more medial to the body than the right parotid gland. 5. Is the sublingual gland inferior or superior to the left parotid gland? The sublingual gland is inferior the left parotid gland.   Experiment 3: Virtual Model – Digestive System Coloring Activity Insert the proper images in the space below: Digestive System: Anterior View: Digestive System: Posterior View: Experiment 4: Swallowing Post-Lab Questions 1. What did you notice about the movement of your tongue as you swallowed? The tongue moves up and down 2. What did you notice about movement in the throat region when you swallowed? Be specific. There is an upward movement 3. What sounds did you hear when you listened to water traveling to the stomach? When water is traveling to the stomach it sounds like water running down the pipe.