HOSA Nutrition exam 2 2023 # 139
Questions and answers – Graded A.
Macronutrients - -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water
-Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates - -energy, 4 Kilocalories, 50-60% of
daily caloric intake
-Main function & caloric intake of Lipids - -storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of
daily caloric intake
-Main function & caloric intake of Protein - -structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily caloric
intake
-3 main catagories of carbohydrates - -monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
-Monosaccharide - -simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose
-Disaccharide - -sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose
-Polysaccharide - -starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble
-Fiber is subdivided into - -soluble & insoluble
-RDA for fibers is - -25-35 per day
-Soluble fiber - -helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels
-Insoluble fiber - -is important for colon health
-4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - -galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency,
lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency
-Galatosemia - -inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe
symptoms = failure to thrive
-Primary lactase deficiency - -body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset
-Lactose intolerance - -later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance,
increased antibiotic use
-Sucrase deficiency - -similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI
symptoms, early onset
, -Functions of Carbohydrates - -primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat
metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver
detox
-Amino acids - -the basic building blocks for proteins
-Proteins are subdivided into - -essential & nonessential
-Urea/Ammonia - -the main waste product produced by protein metabolism
-Dietary sources of protein - -complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based
-Complete & incomplete protein forms - -are based upon the range of amino acids
present
-Disorders of protein - -Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy
-2 types of protein malnutrition - -Maramus; Kwashiorkor disease
-Maramus - -"starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency
-Kwashiorkor Disease - -protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake
-Functions of amino acids - -tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter
support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance
-Fats - -should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake
-Fatty acids are named based on - -number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation &
location of the first double bond
-Saturated fats - -have no double bonds
-Saturated fats come from - -animal sources
-Mono-unsaturated Fats - -have one double bond
-Poly-unsaturated Fats - -have many double bonds
-Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats - -come from plant sources
-2 groups of essential fatty acids - -omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)
-Results of essential fatty acid deficiency - -dermatitis & blood clotting
-Trans-fats - -the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
Questions and answers – Graded A.
Macronutrients - -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water
-Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates - -energy, 4 Kilocalories, 50-60% of
daily caloric intake
-Main function & caloric intake of Lipids - -storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of
daily caloric intake
-Main function & caloric intake of Protein - -structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily caloric
intake
-3 main catagories of carbohydrates - -monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
-Monosaccharide - -simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose
-Disaccharide - -sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose
-Polysaccharide - -starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble
-Fiber is subdivided into - -soluble & insoluble
-RDA for fibers is - -25-35 per day
-Soluble fiber - -helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels
-Insoluble fiber - -is important for colon health
-4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - -galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency,
lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency
-Galatosemia - -inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe
symptoms = failure to thrive
-Primary lactase deficiency - -body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset
-Lactose intolerance - -later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance,
increased antibiotic use
-Sucrase deficiency - -similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI
symptoms, early onset
, -Functions of Carbohydrates - -primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat
metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver
detox
-Amino acids - -the basic building blocks for proteins
-Proteins are subdivided into - -essential & nonessential
-Urea/Ammonia - -the main waste product produced by protein metabolism
-Dietary sources of protein - -complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based
-Complete & incomplete protein forms - -are based upon the range of amino acids
present
-Disorders of protein - -Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy
-2 types of protein malnutrition - -Maramus; Kwashiorkor disease
-Maramus - -"starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency
-Kwashiorkor Disease - -protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake
-Functions of amino acids - -tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter
support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance
-Fats - -should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake
-Fatty acids are named based on - -number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation &
location of the first double bond
-Saturated fats - -have no double bonds
-Saturated fats come from - -animal sources
-Mono-unsaturated Fats - -have one double bond
-Poly-unsaturated Fats - -have many double bonds
-Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats - -come from plant sources
-2 groups of essential fatty acids - -omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)
-Results of essential fatty acid deficiency - -dermatitis & blood clotting
-Trans-fats - -the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
