CPR 3701- Criminal Procedure Assignment

CPR 3701- Criminal Procedure Assignment 1 Semester 2 2022.  To begin with, South Africa does not, in principle, follow a system of compulsory prosecution. The discretion to prosecute is determined on a case-to-case basis. The decision taken is therefore a result of the mitigating & aggravating factors. These factors include the nature and seriousness of the offense, interests of the victim and broader community, circumstances of the offender, previous convictions, and personal circumstances. A prosecutor may also withdraw a case without the permission of the DPP. As the DPP may charge the accused afresh. Prosecutors may not stop a prosecution without the permission of the DPP. DPP my stop prosecution anytime from pleading to conviction. Accused is entitled to Acquittal and may later successfully rely on a plea of autrefois acquit the exercise of discretion. A prosecutor will prosecute if there is a prima facie case and if there are no compelling reasons for one to grant a refusal to prosecute. In light of this, 'prima facie case' would mean that the allegations being brought to the court, as supported by statements and real and documentary evidence available to the prosecution, are of such a nature that if proved in a court of law by the prosecution based on admissible evidence, the court should convict. The prosecutor does not have to establish whether there is a defense in the case, but rather whether there is a reasonable and probable cause for prosecution. The prosecution must at the trial be able to furnish proof beyond a reasonable doubt ascertaining a probable cause for prosecution. More so in exercising his discretion, the prosecutor must respect the individual's rights. These include the right not to be harassed by a prosecution that has no reasonable prospects of success as this does not only costs the state but also violates the rights of the accused. The fact that the prosecutor doubts the strength of the State case is no good ground for fixing an admission of guilt fine in a summons in the hope that the accused might pay the admission of guilt fine and thereby relieve the State of the burden of proving its case 2 with reference to the case of NGJ Trading Stores (Pty) Ltd v Guerreiro, many accused persons pay an admission of guilt fine to be rid of the worry, inconvenience, and expense of fighting a petty criminal charge and not because they are guilty3. It is improper for the prosecution to secure a 'successful prosecution' in this manner because the payment of an admission of guilt fine does for criminal record purposes amount to a previous conviction. Occasionally despite there being an existence of a prima facie case, there might be good grounds for the prosecutor not to prosecute. Such grounds may be the triviality of the offense 4the advanced age or very young age of an accused 5 where a plea bargain was struck between the prosecution and the defense,6 and the antiquated nature of the offense or the tragic personal circumstances of an accused. In the Yutar case, a former DPP described the discretion to prosecute as a very valuable safeguard, because one has to take into account what the consequences to an accused may be, apart from any penalty which a court of law might inflict. If in our view, the consequences are out of all proportions to the gravity of the offense committed, we are permitted to exercise our discretion and decline to prosecute. 7 However, the fact remains that 'a decision of the prosecuting authority not to prosecute, must be made for a good reason.8 Paragraph 4(c) of the Prosecution Policy issued by the NDPP in terms of s 21(1)(a) of National Prosecuting Authority once a prosecutor is satisfied that there is adequate evidence to provide reasonable prospects of a conviction, a prosecution should therefore follow, unless ‘public interest demands otherwise’. There is no rule in law which states that all the provable cases brought to the attention of the Prosecuting Authority must be prosecuted. On the contrary, any such rule would be too harsh and impose an impossible burden on the prosecutor and society interested in the fair administration of justice. In considering whether or not to prosecute the following factors have to be considered by the prosecutor. Firstly the nature and seriousness of the offense. The seriousness of the offense, taking into account the effect of the crime on the victim, how it was committed, the motivation for the act, and the relationship between the accused and the victim. In this regard, the prosecutor has to consider the harm caused by the accused. It is when no harm was done whereby the prosecutor might be reluctant to prosecute. The nature of the offense, its prevalence, and recurrence, and its effect on public order and morale. The prosecutor must not set a bad precedence by letting a guilty person go. This will have a negative effect on the public as they will be aware of how they can be let go even though they committed a crime. Again another consideration is the economic impact of the offense on the community, its threat to people or damage to public property, and its effect on the peace of mind and sense of security of the public. People have to feel safe and secure as a result of an act is committed that violates the safety of the people they will be civil unrest. As a result, acts that cause such unrest must be punished