BIOD 121 exam Module
Questions and answers. – All correct.
Healthy pregnancy – -
adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
healthy body weight
controlling existing health conditions
avoidance of teratogens
-Teratogens - -
compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect
caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.
Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth
weight infants
alcohol: FAS, physical and mental disabilities and growth
retardation
drugs: low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth
defects, and infant addiction.
-Blastogenic stage - -(Day 1 to 14): A period of rapid cell
division Day 14: An embryo is formed.
-Embryonic stage - -(Week 2 to 8): The organ system develops.
Week 5: The heart begins to beat. Week 8: The embryo is now
known as a fetus.
-Fetal Stage - -(Week 9 to 40): Period of continual growth and
development
-zygote - -formed from combination of egg and sperm
-placenta - -provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother's
blood to the fetus and also allows for the transfer of waste from
the fetus and into the mother's system for excretion
-first trimester - -exposure to toxins and inadequate nutrient
intake can have an adverse effect on the fetus
quality of the mother's diet is more important than the quantity
, -second trimester - -development of the hands, feet, arms, and
legs occurs, and the fetus begins to resemble a baby
physiological changes to mom's body in order to support the
pregnancy and prepare for birth.
-third trimester - -fetus will double in length and will increase
weight to approximately 7 to 9 pounds.
-low birth weight (LBW) - -a birth weight of less than 5.5
pounds
-small for gestational age (SGA) - -an infant small in size,
measured relative to its gestational stage
-calorie during pregnancy - -quality more important than
quantity
need for certain nutrients increase by 50% during pregnancy.
calorie needs during the second and third trimester only
increases by approximately 20%.
-adequate weight gain - -25-35 pounds total
1-4 pounds during the first trimester and then approximately 1
pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy.
Underweight: 28 to 40 pounds
Normal: 25 to 35 pounds
Overweight: 15 to 25 pounds
Obese: 11 to 20 pounds
-increased protein/carbohydrate needs - -Pregnant moms
require an additional 25 grams protein per day above RDA
inadequate carbs --> ketones, harmful to fetal brain
-vitamin needs - -Folate is needed for cell development and the
synthesis of DNA. Without adequate folate, the pregnant mom
may develop anemia and fetus may have neural tube defects
-increased mineral needs - -especially true of iodide, zinc, iron,
and calcium.
Questions and answers. – All correct.
Healthy pregnancy – -
adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
healthy body weight
controlling existing health conditions
avoidance of teratogens
-Teratogens - -
compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect
caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.
Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth
weight infants
alcohol: FAS, physical and mental disabilities and growth
retardation
drugs: low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth
defects, and infant addiction.
-Blastogenic stage - -(Day 1 to 14): A period of rapid cell
division Day 14: An embryo is formed.
-Embryonic stage - -(Week 2 to 8): The organ system develops.
Week 5: The heart begins to beat. Week 8: The embryo is now
known as a fetus.
-Fetal Stage - -(Week 9 to 40): Period of continual growth and
development
-zygote - -formed from combination of egg and sperm
-placenta - -provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother's
blood to the fetus and also allows for the transfer of waste from
the fetus and into the mother's system for excretion
-first trimester - -exposure to toxins and inadequate nutrient
intake can have an adverse effect on the fetus
quality of the mother's diet is more important than the quantity
, -second trimester - -development of the hands, feet, arms, and
legs occurs, and the fetus begins to resemble a baby
physiological changes to mom's body in order to support the
pregnancy and prepare for birth.
-third trimester - -fetus will double in length and will increase
weight to approximately 7 to 9 pounds.
-low birth weight (LBW) - -a birth weight of less than 5.5
pounds
-small for gestational age (SGA) - -an infant small in size,
measured relative to its gestational stage
-calorie during pregnancy - -quality more important than
quantity
need for certain nutrients increase by 50% during pregnancy.
calorie needs during the second and third trimester only
increases by approximately 20%.
-adequate weight gain - -25-35 pounds total
1-4 pounds during the first trimester and then approximately 1
pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy.
Underweight: 28 to 40 pounds
Normal: 25 to 35 pounds
Overweight: 15 to 25 pounds
Obese: 11 to 20 pounds
-increased protein/carbohydrate needs - -Pregnant moms
require an additional 25 grams protein per day above RDA
inadequate carbs --> ketones, harmful to fetal brain
-vitamin needs - -Folate is needed for cell development and the
synthesis of DNA. Without adequate folate, the pregnant mom
may develop anemia and fetus may have neural tube defects
-increased mineral needs - -especially true of iodide, zinc, iron,
and calcium.
