physiological disorders 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

psychological disorder disrupts functioning in society biomedical aproach based on underlying neurological/genetic causes; medicine/therapies -: focus on reduction of symptoms rather than restoration of function biopsyhosocial approach broadens the physiological approach to include the environment and lifestyle of patient beyond the physical/chem probs; stress/SES; external stressors considered; thoughts, behaviors, surroundings, perceived class in society, discrimination/stigmatization (think: more public health oriented) intervene by modifications to school, work, or living situation (cognitive behavior therapy in addition to medication for depression); exercise/diet changes med and env. changes DSM 5 diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; DSM-5 20 diagnostic classes of mental disorders describe symptoms of physiological disorders; used as diagnostic; no info on causes/treatment schizophrenia psychotic disorder; "split the mind"; split from reality + symptoms: behaviors, thoughts, or feelings ADDED to normal behavior -: ABSENCE of normal/desired behavior meds suppress + symp and do not treat the - + symp of schiz. delusions: false beliefs discordant with reality hallucinations: perceptions w/ sense of reality; usually auditory but can be visual/sensual disorganized thought: change subjects quickly; odd associations with words they use disorganized behavior: unable to carry out daily activities; requires daily support CATATONIA: abnormality of movement and behavior - symp of schiz. disturbance of affect: expression of emotion AVOLITION: dec. engagement in goal directed actions (work less freq./for shorter time) *sounds like abolition; the person is abolishing any social interactions and hobbies/goals major depressive disorder episodic/severe enough to interfere with daily functions SIG E CAPS: sleep disturbance, loss of interest in activity, excessive guilt, dec. E, difficulty concentrating, appetite disturbances, psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts severity and duration requirements persistent depressive disorder struggle w/ periods of depression but do not fit category of major depressive; less severe and LONGER duration (persistent = longer) SAD winter; abnormal melatonin metabolism; bright light therapy bipolar disorder (manic depressive) mania: happy/full of life; rapid onset/brief duration (days); euphoria: destructive/pathological depression: slow onset and long duration (weeks) manic episode DIG FAST distractable, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, pressured speech, thoughtlessness and risky behavior (impulsive) bipolar II less extreme/disruptive mania; hypomania with at least one major depressive episode (depressive is more severe) bipolar I manic episodes w/ or w/o major depressive episodes (manic is more severe) hypomania does not sig impair functioning cyclothymic disorder both mania/depression are less severe; not severe enough to be called bipolar anxiety disorders at least 10; duration of at least 6 mos; fear/worry, severity, longer duration, trigger, disruption of function general anxiety disorder disproportionate anxiety toward tasks that most people handle w/o stress; persistent worry specific phobia irrational fear agoraphobia fear of places where escape is hard; public places; afraid to leave home (shameless Karen's mom) panic disorder sense of impending doom; symp NS impacted OCD persistant irrational thought in the face of evidence to the contrary obsessions: raise stress levels; persistent intrusive and irrational THOUGHT compulsions: BEHAVIORS person uses to dec. stress; irrational repetitive actions ego-DYStonic; know that behaviors are unusual and inconvenient but they cannot help it *think: people with OCD may say "I'm so OCD omg" - they are aware of behavior body dysmorphic disorder unrealistic, distorted view of appearance and actions to change appearance extreme lengths to fix/alter what is wrong dissociative disorders avoid stressors by escaping from identity/reality; ways to escape dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and dissociative depersonalization/derealization disorder dissociative amnesia missing memories of past experiences due to psychological trauma; block out memories and choose not to re-live them "dissociative" means it is not linked to neurological disorder dissociative identity disorder 2 or more personalities alternate or compete for control; person develops 2+ identities to help them cope with a stressful event (used to be called multiple personality disorder; ex. Sibel) depersonalization/derealization disorder feel detached from mind and body from mind and body: depersonalization; out of body experience; don't recognize reflection; feeling of automation from surroundings: derealization; dreamlike quality somatic symptoms and related disorders experience pain, injury, or illness that cannot be explained by a medical condition 3 types: somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder somatic symptom disorder medical complaint may/may not be related to underlying medical condition but complaint is disproportionate to underlying condition; symptom not linked to medical condition (ex. back pain from stress) bodily symptoms cause stress or impairment and no physiological cause illness anxiety disorder thoughts of specific condition (hypochondriac); patients feel they're at risk for contracting some disease/are constantly checking themselves for symptoms even if they're not at risk for it type of somatic symptom disorder avoid medical appt.'s altogether conversion disorder motor or sensory symptoms linked to stress; motor or sensory response to stressful event that doesn't seem to be caused by an underlying neurological problem (blindness from a traumatic event--lose sight for a period of time; is associated with the stress and not a neurological reason) type of somatic symptom disorder "la bell indifference": person unconcerned by symptom personality disorders behavior is inflexible and maladaptive, ego-syntonic cluster A, B, and C alphabetical, just like weird, wild, and worried ego-syntonic see no issue with behavior; recognize that its not normal/common but don't see a problem and like they way they are ego-dystonic realizes behavior is abnormal, bothersome, intrusive "dys"= not part of their true personality; symptoms have been thrust upon them and it is intrusive to their daily life cluster A of personality disorders weird; odd behavior paranoid: pervasive mistrust/suspicion schizotypal: odd and magical thinking; believe in superstitions *they believe in unicorns? TYPICAL. schizoid: few interpersonal relationships; no desire for social interaction PSS cluster B of personality disorders wild; dramatic, emotional, erratic antisocial: disregard for rights and laws; lacks empathy (ex. TV bad guy) borderline: intense fear of abandonment; instability in mood, identity, and relationships bc expecting everyone to disappoint them; use splitting as a defense mechanism--view others as all good or all bad; put intense dependency on those they care about; suicide attempts and cutting histrionic: needs to be center of attention narcissistic: needs to be loved and admired by others; insecure deep down; appears lavish and proud of self; trying to prove worth to others ABHN cluster C of personality disorders worried; anxious or fearful avoidant: shy and fear of rejection; don't like to start over dependent: need reassurance from others obsessive compulsive (OCPD): ego-syntonic, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, careful routines; perfectionists (ego-syntonic) ADO risk factors of schizophrenia genetic predisposition (1st degree relatives have a 10x higher risk of developing it) env., social, and psychological factors (trauma to the brain such as hypoxia at birth) both can lead to neurodevelopment abnormalities, which leads to brain dysfunction, improper chemical balance brain structure is different in these people: either cause or result? dopamine hypothesis trauma smoking weed as a teen which neurotransmitter being off balance can lead to schizophrenia? dopamine (high levels); treat by giving drugs that block dopamine receptors in the CNS depressive disorders risk factors genetics, sociocultural factors, lifestyle, active amygdala, atrophied hippocampus, catecholamine hypothesis (dec in serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), high cortisol *the dec. neurotransmitters make sense bc depressed people have low levels of everything bipolar disorder risk factors genetics, MS, catecholamine hypothesis (inc. in serotonin and norepinephrine--monoamine theory) *this makes sense because manic people are super happy and have a ton of energy alzheimer's disease risk factors elderly women with family history and a low education level is most common age (65), gender (women), fam history, edu (dec. risk if more edu) genetics: mutations in the presenilin genes: apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE), beta amyloid precursor protein gene; Down syndrome, chromosome 21 alzheimer's pathology atrophied brain (darkened areas) flattening of sulci in cerebral cortex, enlarged cerebral ventricles, and deficient blood flow to the parietal lobes levels of Ach and activity of choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme that produces Ach, dec. changes to amygdala, forebrain, hippocampus, and cortex B amyloid plaques due to misfold in protein sheets (amyloid B peptide accumulation); mutation of B-amyloid precursor protein gene on chr. 21 neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes Parkinson's disorder abnormal movements; stooped posture and shuffling gait; mask like face; pill rolling tremor (looks like rolling something between thumb and finger); cogwheeling rigidity (feels like jerking) dec. dopamine production in substantia nigra, impacting the basal ganglia which has a role in movement give patients drugs that inc dopamine (give drugs that are precursors to dopamine and become dopamine once they enter the brain: L-DOPA) which diseases are characterized by abnormal dopamine activity parkinson's (too little dopamine) and schizophrenia (too much) depression: too little (NOT related to alzheimer's-acetylcholine instead) which disease have abnormal serotonin levels? bipolar (too much) and depression (too little) catecholamine theory of depression also called monoamine theory of depression too much norep and ser. leads to mania, while too little - depressoin hyperthyroidism doctors must rule out excessive levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4: inc. the whole metabolic rate will create anxiety like symptoms obsessions ___ stress level and compulsions ___ stress inc; relieve PTSD intrusion symptoms: recurrent reliving of event, flashbacks, nightmares, prolonged distress avoidance symptoms - cognitive symptoms: inability to recall event, - mood or emotions, distance from others, - view of world arousal symptoms: startle response, irritability, anxiety, self destructive/reckless behavior, sleep disturbances symptoms present for at least 1 month acute stress disorder PTSD symptoms for less than 1 month but greater than 3 days dissociative fuge wandering away; confused about identity; assume new one; believe they are someone else part of dissociative amnesia OCD is ego ____ (syntonic or dystonic?) dystonic depression markers high glucose metabolism in amygdala hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness inc. glucocorticoids (cortisol) dec. norep, serotonin, dopamine production (monoamine theory of depression) EVERYTHING DEC. connection b/w schiz. and parkinson's medication for schz. can lead to parkinsonian side effects like rigidity and flattened affect medications to treat parkinson can lead to psychotic side effects like hallucinations and delusions bradykinesia slowness in movement; parkinsons resting tremor appears when muscles not being used; parkinson's pill rolling tremor flexing and extending fingers while moving thumb back and forth mask like facies facial expression of static and expressionless features; staring eyes and partially open mouth cogwheel rigidity muscle tension that halts movement shuffling gait w/ stooped posture parkinsons *depression and dementia are also common substantia nigra in the midbrain releases ___ to activate other regions of the ____ dopamine; basal ganglia