Nurs 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam with accurate solutions available and graded A+

Normal Blood Gas Values - ANSpH: 7.35 - 7.45 PaO2: 80 - 100 mmHg PaCO2: 35 - 45 mmHg ventilation - ANSability to clear CO2 oxygenation - ANSthe process of delivering oxygen to the blood causes for CO2 increase - ANS-CO2 is being produced but not being exhaled quickly enough -increase in CO2 by increased metabolism like fever or exercise -PaCO2 in ABG is increased therefore pH decreases -as CO2 accumulates, peripheral and central chemoreceptors signal brain to increase RR -PaCO2 is influenced by alveolar minute ventilation and CO2 production -ventilation is influenced by alveolar minute ventilation and Co2 production -O2 sat decreases because increased CO2 pressure keeps O2 away alveolar minute ventilation - ANSalveolar volume x RR hypoxemia normal P (A-a) O2 (15-20) - ANS-lungs are working fine but there is problem above airways -altitude -nitrogen gas poisoning -fire smoke (O2 displacement) Alveolar hypoventilation increased P (A-a) O2 (20) - ANSnot getting enough ventilation into the alveoli, reducing oxygen -ex. OD antidepressants slowing RR fixed with O2 and increased ventilation causes of hypoxemia with increased P - ANSV/Q mismatch Shunt Diffusion Defect V/Q mismatch - ANSareas of our lungs that are receiving ventilation are not matched with perfused areas. when there is high CO2, pulmonary vessels selectively vasoconstirct so blood goes where best work is done low ventilation but normal perfusion because of airway secretions