Genetics BIO 3709 exam review 2023 with complete solution

1. In which stage of the cell cycle does the cell duplicate its DNA? c. S 1. Eukaryotic cells that contain more than two sets of genetic information are referred to as a. polyploid. 1. What is the constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochore forms? a. centromere 1. The products of mitosis normally a. are genetically identical to the parent cell. 1. Which stage of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating and moving toward opposite poles? a. anaphase 1. Assume that a cell has six chromosomes while it is in the G1 stage of the cell cycle. How many chromosomes and how many DNA molecules will it have in the G2 stage? c. 6 chromosomes and 12 DNA molecules 1. In which stage of meiosis does the separation of homologous chromosomes occur? d. anaphase I 1. Meiosis results in genetic variation among its product cells. One source of this genetic variation is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes, and the other source of genetic variation is c. crossing over occurring at prophase I. 1. Which of the statements is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis? c. Sister chromatids separate during mitosis but not during meiosis. 1. Which molecule holds sister chromatids together during mitosis and meiosis? a. cohesin 1. How many ova, plural for ovum, can be produced from two primary oocytes through meiosis? c.2 1. In flowering plants, meiosis in the male portion of the flower produces a. four haploid sperm that are able to fertilize the egg produced by the female portion of the flower. c. four microspores that will divide mitotically to form male gametophytes. 1. Suppose that life exists elsewhere in the universe. All life must contain some type of genetic information, but alien genomes might not consist of nucleic acids or have the same features as those found in the genomes of life on Earth. What might be the common features of all genomes, no matter where they exist? b. the ability to store the entire set of information an organism needs for reproduction and development e. the ability to replicate the genetic information accurately for the next generation 1. Which genetic condition is found at an unexpectedly high frequency among the Hopi Native Americans? c. albinism 1. Which statement identifies what The Green Revolution relied upon genetic applications to accomplish? a. determine which species are most closely related to humans b. provide renewable energy sources c. cure certain genetic diseases in humans d. expand the world's food production e. synthesize new drugs d. expand the world's food production 1. What is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism? c. its genome 1. The study of the chemical nature of the gene, and how genetic information is replicated and expressed, is part of what division of genetics? b. molecular genetics 1. The study of the chemical nature of the gene, and how genetic information is replicated and expressed, is part of what division of genetics? c. population genetics 1. Which characteristic would not be considered useful for a model genetic organism? b. a long generation times 1. What process involves the separation of chromosomes in the division of somatic, non-sex, cells? c. mitosis 1. What are the multiple forms of one gene called? a. alleles 1. What characteristic makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? c. Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane‑bound organelles. 1. What early concept of heredity proposed that genetic information in the form of particles called gemmules travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs? a. pangenesis 1. Who was a nineteenth‑century biologist who put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection and published his idea in the book entitled On the Origin of Species? e. Charles Darwin 1. Who discovered the basic principles of heredity? a. Gregor Mendel 1. Which organism would not be considered a useful model genetic organism? d. Bos taurus (the cow) 1. In what way have humans been applying the principles of heredity for millennia? a. the concept of the cell theory b. the proposal that genes are located on chromosomes c. the development of the germ-plasm theory d. the domestication of plants and animals e. the theory of evolution through natural selection d. the domestication of plants and animals Label each phase of the cell cycle with the appropriate name or description Match the checkpoint to its function. - G1/s checkpoint: maintains cell until necessary enzymes for replication are synthesized - G2/M checkpoint: detection of DNA damage after replication - Spindle-assembly checkpoint: ensures that each chromosome is attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles What are checkpoints? c. transition points during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are functioning properly Identify each stage of M phase Intracellular components can be labeled with a fluorophore, and the dynamic movements within the cell can be visualized. Arrange the images of the stages of cell division in order from interphase to cytokinesis. Interphase- D-C-B-A-E- Cytokinesis 1. Cell division by mitosis is a mechanism of asexual cell replication. Some single‑celled organisms reproduce by cell division, and cell division enables multicellular organisms to grow and to repair damaged cells. Which is a product of cell division by mitosis? c. two cells genetically identical to the original cell Identify the stages of meiosis on the diagram 1. What happens during telophase II of meiosis? d. The nuclear membrane begins to form around haploid sets of chromosomes. 1. What happens during anaphase II of meiosis? c. Sister chromatids separate from each other and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. 1. What happens during prophase I of meiosis? f. Homologous chromosomes form and crossing over occurs between them 1. What happens during metaphase I of meiosis? b. Homologous chromosomes are randomly arranged in the middle of the cell. 1. What happens during anaphase I of meiosis? a. Homologous chromosomes separate, but sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres. 1. What happens during metaphase II of meiosis? d. Sister chromatids are distributed in a single layer across the center of the cell. Use the mitosis and meiosis interactive to help you identify the images as a cell in metaphase of mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. All cells come from an organism that has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of eight. Humans autosomal cells have two copies each of 23 unique chromosomes. Match each cell division event and cell type according to the number of chromatids present. The somatic cell of a sheep contains 54 chromosomes54 chromosomes (2