Exam 1: PSYCH with 100% correct questions and answers

William James Recommended that lessons be started just beyond a child's level of knowledge and understanding to stretch the child's mind John Dewey Viewed child as an active learner and pushed for public education for all. Emphasized the child's adaptation to the environment. E.L. Thorndike Emphasized that educational psychology must have a scientific base derived through assessment and measurement of learning Leta Hollingworth coined the term "gifted" George Sanchez Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children Mamie and Kenneth Clark Pioneering researchers who studied African American children's self-conceptions and identity B.F. Skinner Defined psychology as the science of observable behavior programmed learning reinforcement rather than punishment. Bloom's Taxonomy remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating descriptive research research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically correlational research describes the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics experiemental research only method that establishes cause and effect program evaluation a form of applied research that includes a number of research activities designed to evaluate programs from planning to completion action research Research conducted by teachers and other school personnel to address issues and problems in their own schools or classrooms. teacher-as-researcher this concept involves classroom teachers conducting their own studies to improve their teaching practice learner centered The learning activity or concept is based on the abilities, needs and learning style of students. direct instruction The teacher defines and teaches a concept, guides students through its application, and arranges for extended guided practice until mastery is achieved. critical thinking being open-minded and curious educational psychology the student of how we teach and how we learn Cognitive Psychology The study of how people think, learn, and remember. development pattern of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begin at conception and continues through the life span. biological processes and genetic inheritance development changes in child's body and underlie brain development. cognitive development the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory socioemotional development Maturation of social and emotional functioning, which includes changes in personality, emotions, personal perceptions, social skills, and interpersonal relationships. infancy stage where language develops, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning. early childhood stage where child becomes more self-sufficient, develops school-readiness skills, and spend time with peers. middle and late childhood stage where you master math, reading, and writing skills. Self-control increases. interaction with wider social world. adolescence state where rapid physical change occurs, desire for independence and identity, and development of abstract reasoning skills. Nature vs. Nurture name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior continuity-discontinuity issue whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span or a series of abrupt shifts early-later experience issue The issue of the degree to which early experiences (especially infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development. splintered development The circumstances in which development is uneven across domains. brain has plasticity and its development depends on contexts in which children engage in neuroconstructivist view developmental perspective in which biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and cognitive development is closely linked with brain development myelination increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system Synapse Gap between neurons lateralization cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other right brain creative and spatial side of brain left brain language and logic side of brain Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory Theory that focuses on the biological process of cognition Schema a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information assimilation interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences organization grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system Equilibrium shift from one stage to the next as children try to resolve conflict to reach a balance Sensoimotor stage in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities preoperational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about events formal operational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Vygostky's Theory Theory that focuses on social process of cognition Lower Limit of Proximal Development child reaches problem-solving and works alone upper limit of proximal development responsibility child can accept with assistance scaffolding level of support provided by teacher (not giving answers) language form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules phononology the sound system of a language Morphology units of meaning involved in word formation Syntax ways for combining words into phrases/sentences semantics Meaning of words and sentences pragmatics the appropriate use of language in different contexts prefontal cortex region where higher-level thinking and self-regulation take place Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory 1. You 2. Microsystem (family, school, peers, work, church) 3. Mesosystem (family, school, peers, work, church) 4. Exosystem (Economic, political, education, government) 5. Macrosystem (Overarching beliefs and values) 6. Chronosystem (Dimension of time) Microsystem in the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences Mesosystem in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings Exosystem in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly Macrosystem in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded Chronosystem in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems Erikson's Theory Includes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Trust vs. Mistrust Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive identity vs identity confusion the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves Intimacy vs. Isolation Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families Generativity vs. Stagnation Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service integrity vs despair Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives authoritarian parenting style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child permissive/indulgent parenting parents set few limits or demands, but are highly involved and emotionally connected authoritative parenting parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting Term for parents who are undemanding and emotionally unsupportive of their child popular children children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers average children children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers negleted children children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend, but not disliked. rejected children children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers controversial children children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked Devlopmentally Appropriate education that focuses on typical develop patterns of children and uniqueness of each child. Montessori approach An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. self-esteem how you feel about yourself exploration examining meaningful alternative identities commitment showing personal investment in an identity and staying with whatever that identity implies. indentity diffusion Marcia - an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked, without any adult life path. indentity foreclosure the identity status in which individuals have made a commitment but have not explored meaningful alternatives identity moratorium a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives identity achievement commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration moral development growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically preconventional reasoning desire for reward, aboidance of punishment conventional reasoning membership in society is valued postconvetional reasoning challenge existing social norms prosocial behavior socially desirable behavior that benefits others altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others gratitude appreciation, thankfulness service learning a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community values clarification process by which people come to understand their own values and value system