PSYC 3709 Chapter 4 2023 with verified questions and answers

Nature Nature or Nurture? Heredity Influences Temperament Dimensions of Diversity in ______ 1. Sensory Threshold 2. Activity Level 3. Adaptability 4. Persistency 5. Mood 6. Distractability 7. Rhythmicity 8. Approach/Withdrawal 9. Intensity Sensory Threshold The level of stimulation necessary to produce a response Activity Level The level of motor activity in the classroom Adaptability How easily a student adapts to change Persistency The amount of time students continue with an activity despite difficulty or interruptions Mood Students' positive or negative disposition Distractability Students' level of concentration in the classroom Rhythmicity The level of predictability of students' bodily functions Approach/Withdrawal Students' initial reaction to environmental changes Intensity The level of energy and expressiveness in students' positive or negative responses Nurture Nature or Nurture? Family Influences (encompasses attachment, family structure, non-parental caretakers, and parenting style) Attachment A motivation to seek a strong, affectionate bond with another person because of a need for relatedness Family ______ Roles: 1. Family Hero 2. Scapegoat 3. Lost Child 4. Mascot/Family Clown 5. Chief Enabler 6. Dependent/Star [NOT IN BOOK] Family Hero [NOT IN BOOK] The person who provides self-worth to the family Someone to be proud of Always does what's right Scapegoat [NOT IN BOOK] The person who takes all the heat in the family Quiet and angry Lost Child [NOT IN BOOK] The person who the family ignores because they don't have to worry about him/her Quiet and ignored Mascot/Family Clown [NOT IN BOOK] The "apple" of the family's eye Comic Relief Attention-getter Immature and hyperactive Chief Enabler [NOT IN BOOK] Makes responsible decisions for the family Cushions the blows in the family Serious, responsible, perfectionist Dependent/Star [NOT IN BOOK] Copes with feelings by abusing drugs/alcohol Provides unstable environment Causes tension in the family Needs to control, manipulative, angry Parenting Styles Ways of raising children that differ along dimensions of expectations and responsiveness Authoritative Which of the four parenting styles is the best for children? Authoritative The following are parent characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Sets high expectations 2. Is highly responsive 3. Emphasizes rationale for rules 4. Loving and caring Authoritarian The following are parent characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Sets high expectations 2. Is unresponsive and detached 3. Emphasizes conformity to rules Permissive The following are parent characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Sets low expectations 2. Is highly responsive 3. Emphasizes freedom 4. Avoid confrontation 5. Too lenient Uninvolved The following are parent characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Sets low expectations 2. Is unresponsive and detached 3. Neglect Authoritative The following are child characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Confident and self-controlled 2. Feels secure, willing to take risks 3. Successful at school Authoritarian The following are child characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Defiant and aggressive 2. Withdrawn, lacks social skills 3. Worried about pleasing parents 4. Low self-esteem 5. Believe life is unfair and frustrating 6. Often rebel against authority figures Permissive The following are child characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Immature 2. Impulsive, lacks self-control 3. Unmotivated at school 4. Selfish Uninvolved The following are child characteristics of ______ style of parenting: 1. Disobedient and easily frustrated 2. Lacks self-control and long-term goals 3. Unsuccessful at school True True or False? The following are more common in children of divorced parents: 1. Be aggressive, disobedient, lacking in self-regulation 2. Be antisocial/have problems with interpersonal relationships 3. Use or abuse alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs 4. Engage in sexual activity at a younger age Nurture Nature or Nurture? Peer influences (includes peer pressure, friendship, and peer status) Elementary School Elementary, middle, or high school? Friendships are based on mutual or parallel play Middle School Elementary, middle, or high school? Friendships are stable and same-sex High School Elementary, middle, or high school? Friendships are based on norms, emotional support, loyalty, intimacy, and collaboration False True or False? Peer pressure is always negative True True or False? Students who are socially accepted and offered friendships typically are more more motivated to learn, achieve at higher levels, and healthier self-concepts, and are happy Peer Status The following are the types of ______ ______: 1. Popular 2. Neglected 3. Average 4. Rejected 5. Controversial Popular A peer status assigned to a child who is liked by most peers and is usually nominated as best friend Neglected A peer status assigned to a child who is likable but is not frequently nominated as best friend by his/her peers Average A peer status assigned to a child who is not ranked by his/her peers as very popular or unpopular but certainly has friends Rejected A peer status assigned to a child who is actively disliked by his/her peers and is very infrequently nominated as someone's best friend Controversial A peer status assigned to a child who is either very disliked or nominated as someone's best friend Popular The following are common of ______ children: 1. Listen carefully 2. Communicate openly 3. Are genuine, enthusiastic, self-confident 4. Express care for others Neglected The following are common of ______ children: 1. Quiet and shy 2. Have only 1 or 2 friends Rejected The following are types of ______ children: 1. ______-Submissive (withdrawn to avoid attention) 2. ______-Aggressive (act up if teased excessively) Controversial The following are examples of ______ children: 1. Class clowns 2. Likable kids with embarrassing habits 3. Bullies 4. Rebels who talk back to teachers Sense of Self An individual's knowledge, beliefs, and feelings about who they are, what their existence means, and the goals they set in life Self-Concept An individual's self-description of his/her competencies Realism Realism, abstraction, or differentiation? A young child believes he can do anything ("I'm going to be president") Middle School Elementary, middle, or high school? A student begins to develop a realistic sense of their strengths/weaknesses High School Elementary, middle, or high school? A student considers an abstract quality of himself ("I prefer to describe myself as spiritual rather than religious") Abstraction Realism, abstraction, or differentiation? A young child describes himself using his most perceptually salient characteristics ("I'm the short boy with brown hair") True True or False? A child's self-concepts are general when he is young but become more differentiated as the child grows older Elementary School Elementary, middle, or high school? The 3 Categories of Differentiation for ______ ______ Students: 1. Social 2. Academic 3. Physical High School Elementary, middle, or high school? The 13 Categories of Differentiation for ______ ______ Students: 1. General Academic 2. Mathematics 3. Reading 4. Problem Solving 5. Artistic Abilities 6. Physical Ability 7. Appearance 8. Same-Sex Peer Relationships 9. Opposite-Sex Peer Relationships 10. Parental Relationships 11. Religion 12. Honesty 13. Emotinality True True or False? There is a positive correlation between domain-specific self-concepts and achievement in said domain Self-Worth/Self-Esteem An individual's overall view of himself/herself as a person Self-Handicapping Undermining one's own chances of success in a task Can be behavioral (actually do something) or internal (excuse inside) Learned helplessness - "I'll fail no matter what; why should I bother trying?" False True or False? Young children are capable of self-handicapping Collective Self Individuals' sense of worth of the groups to which they belong, such as their family, peer group, ethnic group, class, or team Psychosocial The interaction between individuals' emotional needs and their social environment Erikson ______'s Psychosocial Stage Theory of Personal Development One must successfully deal with each crisis to develop successfully 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (toddler) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (elementary/middle school) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle-adulthood) 8. Integrity vs Despair (retirement) Trust vs. Mistrust Erikson's crisis in which babies learn whether or not to trust if their basic needs will be met; children who pass this stage successfully will be able to trust other people Babies tend to trust the mother first, then the father Mistrust If a mother ignored her crying baby, the baby could form ______ Autonomy vs. Shame Erikson's crisis in which toddlers learn how to become self-sufficient; children who pass this stage successfully develop a sense of independence and control over their thoughts, behaviors, and emotions Autonomy Sense of self-accomplishment "I can do it by myself!" Shame Doing everything for a child can lead to the child having a sense of ______ since they can't do anything by themselves Initiative vs. Guilt Erikson's crisis in which preschoolers assert themselves in ways that are socially acceptable and learn to take initiative; children who pass this stage successfully will find a purpose in life Initiative Opportunity, start, do something by yourself without anyone telling you to Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson's crisis in which an elementary/middle school child deals with new demands and learns new skills; children who pass this stage successfully will develop a sense of competence and industriousness in their work Industry Do work, encourage students' strengths, realistic goals for self Inferiority I'm not good at this Identity vs. Role Confusion Erikson's crisis in which a high school child finds their place in terms of who they are (job, gender, politics, religion), what is important to them, and who they want to be; children who pass this stage successfully will determine their place in the world Intimacy vs. Isolation Erikson's crisis in which a young adult seeks intimate relationships with others; people who pass this stage successfully will have the ability to feel nonselfish love and develop a deep, affectionate relationship that involves give-and-take or giving while expecting nothing in return Generativity vs. Stagnation Erikson's crisis in which a middle-age adult has formed a family and is trying to find ways to support and satisfy this family and himself; adults who pass this stage successfully feel a need to nurture their family, share what they have accomplished with younger adults, and engage in child rearing or mentorships Integrity vs. Despair Erikson's crisis in which a retired person tries to make sense of the life he led; adults who pass this stage successfully will come to terms with any mistakes that they may have made Erikson Limitations to ______'s Theory 1. Culture is not considered as a factor 2. Many adolescents fail to successfully find their identity at the stage he suggested 3. The intimacy crisis may come before the identity crisis Marcia ______'s Identity Statuses: 1. Identity Achievement 2. Identity Diffusion 3. Identity Foreclosure 4. Moratorium Identity Achievement The identity status that results from having explored realistic options, having made specific choices, and becoming committed to pursuing those choices Identity Diffusion The identity status that results from engaging in a disorganized examination of different choices and consequently failing to make clear choices about their future, which may lead to apathy and confusion Identity Foreclosure The identity status that results from following the steps of others, usually parents, without examining any alternative path for one's own life Moratorium The identity status that results from pausing on any identity decision and remaining on hold when it comes to exploring alternative choices for one's personal development Piaget ______'s Two-Stage Theory of Moral Development 1. Heteronomous Morality (10yrs old and younger) 2. Conventional Morality (end of Concrete Operational Stage) Heteronomous Morality The first stage of moral development characterized by obeying externally imposed rules only to avoid the consequences of not obeying such rules Autonomous Morality The second stage of moral development at which a child starts perceiving rules as being flexible and subject to negotiation Kohlberg ______'s Six-Stage Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Morality (7-10yrs old) 1. Obedience and Punishment 2. Individualism and Exchange Conventional Morality (10-16yrs old) 3. Interpersonal Conformity [Nice Girl/Nice Boy] 4. Law and Order Postconventional Morality (16+yrs old) 5. Social Contract 6. Universal Principles Piaget Since Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development mentions moral codes facilitated via disequilibrium, we can say Kohlberg was influenced by ______ Moral Internalization The process of gradually incorporating external moral codes as our own internal moral codes Preconventional Morality A moral development level that shows no internalization of moral values; it is determined by the consequences of an action rather than by the inherent goodness or badness of the action A lot about me Obedience and Punishment The first part of the preconventional reasoning stage Authorities are right because punishment arises when they are disobeyed Rules are followed because of the threat of punishment Individualism and Exchange The second part of the preconventional reasoning stage Different people have different interests or goals, so rules can be negotiated Rules are followed if they are in the best interest of the individual Conventional Morality A moral development level at which internalization is intermediate in the sense that individuals abide by rules that are believed to be internal, but in reality these rules are essentially the standards of others Not just about me Interpersonal Conformity Nice Boy/Nice Girl The first part of the conventional reasoning stage Interpersonal conformity; the individual meets the expectations of those people who are important to them Rules are followed because individuals try to do what is expected of them Law and Order The second part of the conventional reasoning stage Individuals have not lost concern for others, but follow laws/rules for their own sake Rules are followed because they are necessary to keep society's order Postconventional Morality A moral development level at which an individual's internal moral principles may outweigh the rules of society Social Contract The first part of the postconventional reasoning stage Moral reasoning is based on socially agreed-upon principles Rules are followed because individuals are bound by a social contract Universal Principles The second part of the postconventional reasoning stage Individuals are committed to universal principles of justice (right to life, liberty, justice, etc.) Few people reach this stage Rules are followed when they are consistent with individuals' own ethical principles Kohlberg Limitations of ______'s Theory 1. Scoring of responses to dilemmas is subjective 2. Underestimating young children's moral reasoning abilities 3. Moral development seems to follow trends as opposed to strict stages 4. Only asked young males Ethic of Care The three step progression in moral reasoning focus from self-interest, to specific individuals and relationships, and finally to principles of responsibility and care for all individuals Gilligan Gilligan ______'s Theory: Ethic of Care 1. Self-Interest 2. Specific People and Relationships 3. Responsibility and Care for All False True or False? Males are more likely to use a care orientation to moral reasoning, but both sexes can use either a care or justice orientation Moral Ways to Encourage ______ Development 1. Character Education 2. Values Clarification 3. Cognitive Moral Education 4. Service Learning 5. Modeling Prosocial Behavior 6. Acceptance of Students Character Education An instructional approach that involves teaching students basic moral literacy with the goal of preventing them from engaging in unethical behaviors such as lying, cheating, stealing, and harming themselves or others Values Clarification Schools help students clarify what their values are and understand what the values of others are Cognitive Moral Education An approach where students typically meet for a semester-long course to discuss a number of moral issues Service Learning Students participate in community activities such as helping in a hospital, shelter, child-care center, tutoring special needs students, etc. True True or False? Student with disabilities are more likely to feel less attachment with their teachers False True or False? Boys are more likely to engage in cooperative activities, while girls are more likely to engage in competitive activities True True or False? Female friendships emphasize emotional closeness and intimacy while male friendships emphasize achievement and autonomy True True or False? A high school boy's self-esteem is more likely to be higher than a high school girl's False True or False? A boy will see himself as being better in reading and social activities, while a girl will see herself as being better in math and sports False True or False? All cultures emphasize allowing children to choose their own career paths, regardless of what family members have done in the past True True or False? It is incredibly important for a teacher to learn the name of each individual student