CMU Psy 310 Psychological Testing Chapter 3a 2023 100% correct questions and answers

The initial outcome of testing is typically a raw score A sample of examinees who are representative of the population for whom the test is intended is called a ____ group. norm What statement best characterizes a "raw score" it is useless by itself Percentile ranks, age equivalents, grade equivalents, and standard scores are all examples of norms The essential objective of ___ is to determine the distribution of raw scores in the norm group so that the test developer can publish derived scores known as norms test standardization Re-norming of tests should be the rule, not the exception For criterion-referenced tests, norms are uncommon and not essential In a frequency distribution, the sums of the frequencies for all intervals will ______ the total number of scores in the sample equal In a ___ the frequency of the class intervals is represented by single points rather than columns frequency polygons It is common for frequency distributions to include between _____ class intervals 5 and 15 In a smooth but skewed distribution, the most representative measure of central tendency is the median The middlemost score when all the scores have been ranked is called the median if the number of scores is even, the median is the average of the middlemost two scores The most frequently occurring score is the mode Consider the case where 9 persons earn $10,000 and a tenth person earns $910,000. What is the average income? $100,000 the most commonly used statistical index of variability in a group of scores is the standard deviation The Greek symbol sigma (Σ) stands for sum of a small x is used to designate individual scores what is the relationship between the variance and the standard deviation one can be computed by the other For which kind of distribution would the highest number of persons score in the superior range rectangular Why do psychologists prefer the normal distribution it has useful features for statistical inference it can be defined with mathematical precision it often arises spontaneously in nature all of the above in a normal distribution, approximately____ percent of the scores will exceed the mean by 2 standard deviations 2 In normal distribution, approximately ______ percent of scores will fall within one standard deviation of the mean in either direction 68 In his initial investigations, Wechsler considered the belief that mental measures must distribute themselves according to the normal curve to be mistaken if test scores are piled up at the low end of the scale, the distribution is said to be positively skewed the distribution of mental test scores in standardization samples typically approximates a normal curve in psychological testing, skewed distributions usually signify that the test developer has included too few easy items or too few hard items When initial research indicates that an instrument produces skewed results in the standardization sample, test developers typically revamp the test at the item level Suppose a subject scored at the 94th percentile on a psychological test. What does that mean the subject's score exceeded 94 percent of the standardization sample a percentile of 25 is often denoted as Q1 _____ are the most common type of raw score transformations encountered in psychological testing percentiles percentile scores have one major drawback they distort the underlying measurement scale the difference in underlying raw score points between percentiles of 90 and 99 us ____ than that between percentiles 50 and 59 greater than A ___ uses the standard deviation of the total distribution of raw scores as the fundamental unit of measurement standard score a z-score is the same thing as a standard score Suppose a group of scores has a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 10. A score of 80 would equate to a standard score of 4.0 the main advantage of ___ is retaining the relative magnitude of distances between successive values found in the original raw scores standard scores A group of standard scores always possesses a mean of ___ and a standard deviation of ___ o.o 1.0 Suppose that a college freshman earned 125 raw score points on a vocabulary test where the normative sample averaged 100 points (with SD of 15 points). Suppose, in addition, he earned 110 raw score points on spatial thinking test where the normative sample averaged 90 points (with SD of 20 points). In which skill area does he show greater aptitude? vocabulary for which type(s) of scores are negative values possible standard score the mean of standardized score is typically set at 100 50 500 all of the above T score scales are especially common for ____ tests personality To eliminate negative scores, the preselected mean of standardized score should be at least ____ times as large as the standard deviation five The most popular approach for normalizing standard scores is conversion of percentiles to normalized standard scores The use of normalized standard scores is appropriate when the normative sample is large and representative the raw score distribution is only mildly non-normal both a and b In a ____ scale, all raw scores are converted to a single digit system of scores ranging from 1 to 9 stanine The mean of ____ scores is always 5, and the standard deviation is approximately 2 stanine The restriction imposed by the Hollerith cards was a main impetus for the development of ___ scales stanine a C scale consists of _____ units 11 A WAIS-III IQ of 115 could also be reported as standard score of +1.00 T score of 60 percentile rank of 84 all of the above If 2 percent of the relevant population is African American, and a test developer chooses subjects randomly, but with the constraint that 12 percent of the norm group is also African American, what approach is the developer using stratified random sampling What approach do most test developers use in choosing a norm group? they strive to make good faith effort to select a representative sample Which kind of norms are appropriate for aptitude tests age norms For what purpose might ethnic norms for standardized intelligence tests be superior to nationally based norms? for predicting competence within the child's non-school environment A tabular depiction of the established relationship between test scores and expected outcome on a relevant task is known as a(n) expectancy table Which of the following is NOT usually true of a norm group? it is homogeneous Which of the following is NOT true about the concept of variance psychometricians prefer variance to standard deviation as an index of variability Which of the following necessarily has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10? T-score For which of the below is it LEAST likely that we would find proportionate representation of race, social class, age groups, etc? testing a small random sample When test scores are expressed as a percentage, with the passing level predetermined, the examiner is probably using a criterion-referenced test Which kind of test is interpreted in relation to specific standard of mastery? criterion-referenced As noted by FairTest, what determines whether or not criterion-referenced tests are fair how the cut-off scores re determined