Definition - the word forensic owes its origin from latin word ‘forensis’ which
means ‘of the forum’, where the law court of ancient rome were held.
Accord. To R.S book = Forensic science is the application of science to the
criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice
system.
The application of scientific methods and techniques to matters under investigation
by a court of law.
Historical development at national level =
The scientific systems that were used by our ancestors to solve crime can be found
in ‘kautilya’s arthashastra; which was inscribed about 2300 years ago.
1. Govt. chemical examiner lab:
1st setup in 1849 at madras residency.
Later on similar labs were setup at Calcutta [1853]
Agra [1864]
Bombay [1870]
2. Anthropometric bureau
After invention of bertillon’s anthropometric system in 1878,India adopted
the system.
1892, anthropometric bureau started at Calcutta to maintain records.
3. Fingerprint bureau
Sir William Herschel officer in british started the practice of taking fingerprints on
documents.
1891= Edward Richard Henry, inspector general of police of Bengal, introduced
thumb impression in record slips containing anthropometric data to avoid wrong
identification.
4. Department of explosives
The foundation was laid in 1898, headquarters= Nagpur
Then 5 regional offices= Calcutta, Gwalior, Bombay, madras and agra was
established.
Along with this 3 sub divisions offices at shivkashi, gomea and asansol.
5. Govt. examiner of Q.D [shimla]
,British govt. created the part of govt. handwriting expert of Bengal
Mr.C.R.headless in 1904.
This setup was shifted to shimla in 1906, officer= Mr. Brewster, police officer
from west Bengal CID.
6. Serologies to govt. of india
1910 serology department is established in Calcutta.
department renamed after independence as office of serologist and chemical
examiner to govt. of Bengal.
7. Footprint section
1915 footprint section developed under CID govt. of Bengal
8. Note forgery section CID
1917- setup under CID govt. of Bengal to undertake the examination of forged
currency notes.
Govt. mint and security printing department at nashik also established their lab for
detecting counterfeit of currency.
9. Ballistics laboratory
Arms act 1930
Small ballistic lab setup under Calcutta police.
Scientific section in the criminal department
1936 – scientific section setup under CID in bengal.
Facilities – examination of bullets, cartridge cases, firearms etc.
1952 = India’s 1st state forensic lab – Calcutta
1953 = fully operational
1955 = physics unit was opened
1957 = full fleged physics section.
1st multidisciplinary section of forensic science.
1905 = CFPB in India at shimla
1922 = abolished
, 1955 = restarted in delhi under administrative control of IB
1956 = shifted to Calcutta under IB
1973 = transferred to CBI
1986 = adm. Control of CFPB given to NCRB [National crime record bureau]
CDTS [Calcutta detective training school]
1956 = under premises of CFPB
Aims – to train police personnel
-- Training in scientific investigation of crime, drug abuse, terrorism etc.
1957 = 1st CFSL in Calcutta
.Four disciplines in lab : forensic physics, forensic chemistry, f.ballistics, f.
biology.
1967 = 2nd CFSL at Hyderabad
1978 = 3rd at Chandigarh
Central forensic institute
With establishment of CDTS & CFSL under same premises under control of IB
[This whole setup was name CFI]
1964 = CDTS Hyderabad
1973 = CDTS Chandigarh
important scientists
1. Sir Arthur conan doyel = influence the character of Sherlock holmes
before it was applied by the police agency.
2. Mathieu Orfila (1787–1853) = Orfila is considered the father of forensic
toxicology. In 1814, Orfila published the first scientific treatise on the
detection of poisons and their effects on animals.
3. Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914) Bertillon devised the first scientific
system of personal identification. In 1879, Bertillon began to develop the
science of anthropometry, a systematic procedure of taking a series of body
measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another.
Father of anthropometry/father of criminal identification.
, 4. Francis Galton (1822–1911) Galton undertook the first definitive study of
fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing.
Discovered by 3 diff types of fingerprints and classified them accord. to it.
Father of fingerprints.
1892 = “fingerprint” book
5. Leone lattes [1887-1954] in 1915, he devised a relatively simple procedure
for determine in the blood group of a dried bloodstain, a technique that he
immediately applied to criminal investigations. Father of blood stain
analyisis.
In 1901, Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be grouped into
different categories. These blood groups or types are now recognized as A,
B, AB, and O. The possibility that blood grouping could be a useful
characteristic for the identification of an individual.
6. Calvin Goddard (1891–1955) To determine whether a particular gun has
fired a bullet requires a comparison of the bullet with one that has been test-
fired from the suspect’s weapon. Goddard, a U.S. Army colonel, refined the
techniques of such an examination by using the comparison microscope.
Father of forensic ballistics- published study of tool mark on bullets.
7. Albert Sherman Osborn (1858–1946) Osborn’s development of the
fundamental principles of document examination was responsible for the
acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts. In 1910,
Osborn authored the first significant text in this field, Questioned
Documents. This book is still considered a primary reference for document
examiners.
8. Walter C. McCrone (1916–2002) Dr. McCrone used microscopy, often in
conjunction with other analytical methodologies, to examine evidence in
thousands of criminal and civil cases throughout a long and illustrious
career.
9. Hans Gross (1847–1915) Gross wrote the first treatise describing the
application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation in
1893.
10. Edmond Locard (1877–1966) Locard [french scientist] believed that when
a person comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of
materials occurs (Locard’s exchange principle). Locard maintained that
every criminal can be connected to a crime by dust particles carried from
the crime scene. He demonstrated how principles of hens gross could be
incorporated within workable crime lab.
11. Ludwig Teichmann = developed the first microscopic crystal test for Hb
using haem crystals.
means ‘of the forum’, where the law court of ancient rome were held.
Accord. To R.S book = Forensic science is the application of science to the
criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice
system.
The application of scientific methods and techniques to matters under investigation
by a court of law.
Historical development at national level =
The scientific systems that were used by our ancestors to solve crime can be found
in ‘kautilya’s arthashastra; which was inscribed about 2300 years ago.
1. Govt. chemical examiner lab:
1st setup in 1849 at madras residency.
Later on similar labs were setup at Calcutta [1853]
Agra [1864]
Bombay [1870]
2. Anthropometric bureau
After invention of bertillon’s anthropometric system in 1878,India adopted
the system.
1892, anthropometric bureau started at Calcutta to maintain records.
3. Fingerprint bureau
Sir William Herschel officer in british started the practice of taking fingerprints on
documents.
1891= Edward Richard Henry, inspector general of police of Bengal, introduced
thumb impression in record slips containing anthropometric data to avoid wrong
identification.
4. Department of explosives
The foundation was laid in 1898, headquarters= Nagpur
Then 5 regional offices= Calcutta, Gwalior, Bombay, madras and agra was
established.
Along with this 3 sub divisions offices at shivkashi, gomea and asansol.
5. Govt. examiner of Q.D [shimla]
,British govt. created the part of govt. handwriting expert of Bengal
Mr.C.R.headless in 1904.
This setup was shifted to shimla in 1906, officer= Mr. Brewster, police officer
from west Bengal CID.
6. Serologies to govt. of india
1910 serology department is established in Calcutta.
department renamed after independence as office of serologist and chemical
examiner to govt. of Bengal.
7. Footprint section
1915 footprint section developed under CID govt. of Bengal
8. Note forgery section CID
1917- setup under CID govt. of Bengal to undertake the examination of forged
currency notes.
Govt. mint and security printing department at nashik also established their lab for
detecting counterfeit of currency.
9. Ballistics laboratory
Arms act 1930
Small ballistic lab setup under Calcutta police.
Scientific section in the criminal department
1936 – scientific section setup under CID in bengal.
Facilities – examination of bullets, cartridge cases, firearms etc.
1952 = India’s 1st state forensic lab – Calcutta
1953 = fully operational
1955 = physics unit was opened
1957 = full fleged physics section.
1st multidisciplinary section of forensic science.
1905 = CFPB in India at shimla
1922 = abolished
, 1955 = restarted in delhi under administrative control of IB
1956 = shifted to Calcutta under IB
1973 = transferred to CBI
1986 = adm. Control of CFPB given to NCRB [National crime record bureau]
CDTS [Calcutta detective training school]
1956 = under premises of CFPB
Aims – to train police personnel
-- Training in scientific investigation of crime, drug abuse, terrorism etc.
1957 = 1st CFSL in Calcutta
.Four disciplines in lab : forensic physics, forensic chemistry, f.ballistics, f.
biology.
1967 = 2nd CFSL at Hyderabad
1978 = 3rd at Chandigarh
Central forensic institute
With establishment of CDTS & CFSL under same premises under control of IB
[This whole setup was name CFI]
1964 = CDTS Hyderabad
1973 = CDTS Chandigarh
important scientists
1. Sir Arthur conan doyel = influence the character of Sherlock holmes
before it was applied by the police agency.
2. Mathieu Orfila (1787–1853) = Orfila is considered the father of forensic
toxicology. In 1814, Orfila published the first scientific treatise on the
detection of poisons and their effects on animals.
3. Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914) Bertillon devised the first scientific
system of personal identification. In 1879, Bertillon began to develop the
science of anthropometry, a systematic procedure of taking a series of body
measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another.
Father of anthropometry/father of criminal identification.
, 4. Francis Galton (1822–1911) Galton undertook the first definitive study of
fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing.
Discovered by 3 diff types of fingerprints and classified them accord. to it.
Father of fingerprints.
1892 = “fingerprint” book
5. Leone lattes [1887-1954] in 1915, he devised a relatively simple procedure
for determine in the blood group of a dried bloodstain, a technique that he
immediately applied to criminal investigations. Father of blood stain
analyisis.
In 1901, Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be grouped into
different categories. These blood groups or types are now recognized as A,
B, AB, and O. The possibility that blood grouping could be a useful
characteristic for the identification of an individual.
6. Calvin Goddard (1891–1955) To determine whether a particular gun has
fired a bullet requires a comparison of the bullet with one that has been test-
fired from the suspect’s weapon. Goddard, a U.S. Army colonel, refined the
techniques of such an examination by using the comparison microscope.
Father of forensic ballistics- published study of tool mark on bullets.
7. Albert Sherman Osborn (1858–1946) Osborn’s development of the
fundamental principles of document examination was responsible for the
acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts. In 1910,
Osborn authored the first significant text in this field, Questioned
Documents. This book is still considered a primary reference for document
examiners.
8. Walter C. McCrone (1916–2002) Dr. McCrone used microscopy, often in
conjunction with other analytical methodologies, to examine evidence in
thousands of criminal and civil cases throughout a long and illustrious
career.
9. Hans Gross (1847–1915) Gross wrote the first treatise describing the
application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation in
1893.
10. Edmond Locard (1877–1966) Locard [french scientist] believed that when
a person comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of
materials occurs (Locard’s exchange principle). Locard maintained that
every criminal can be connected to a crime by dust particles carried from
the crime scene. He demonstrated how principles of hens gross could be
incorporated within workable crime lab.
11. Ludwig Teichmann = developed the first microscopic crystal test for Hb
using haem crystals.
