Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Notes Test Bank 2023

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Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Notes:

Module 1: Cellular Body (Aging, Injury, and Death) and Genetics/Genetic Disease

Objectives:

 Describe the structure, location, and function of the cellular components.
 Discuss the primary modes of communication the cell uses to maintain homeostasis.
 Describe the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the transfer of
energy to drive cellular processes.
 Discuss various mechanisms for transporting substances in the cell.
 Describe the sequence of events involved in an action potential.
 Discuss mitosis and cytokinesis in the phases of cellular reproduction.
 Identify the location, appearance, and a major function of each of the following types of tissue:
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
 Identify the major mechanisms of cellular adaptation, and provide examples of each.
 Compare and contrast the different manifestations of cellular injury.
 Discuss the basic concepts of cellular aging and death.
 Compare and contrast chromosomal aberrations and selected associated congenital diseases.
 Discuss various diseases, and the impact that risk factors, genes, and environment have on these
diseases.


Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
 Significance of Cells
o All body functions depend on the integrity of the cells.
 Digestion, breathing, eating, thinking
 All of these things are controlled by our cells
 If there is a malfunction, we can have issues with that part of our body
o Understanding cellular biology is necessary to understand disease.
 Communicate chemically; through contact can feel injury, etc
o An overwhelming amount of information reveals how cells behave as a multicellular “social”
organism.
 Cellular communication (cellular crosstalk) is at the heart of cellular biology.
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: main difference is a prokaryote does not have a distinct nucleus
o Prokaryotes
 Characterized by lack of distinct nucleus
 Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and Rickettsiae
o Eukaryotes: animals, human beings, plants, fungi
 Complex cellular organization
 Membrane-bound organelles: means that they are little mini organs within the cell
encapsulating them
 When we think about this we think about endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes,
lisosomes, etc
 Well-defined nucleus
 Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
 Cellular Functions

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o Movement: communicate with each other to help us move
o Conductivity: conduct electricity for our heart to beat
o Metabolic absorption: absorb nutrients in our stomach and intestinal tract
o Secretion: secrete mucus
o Excretion: excrete hormones
o Respiration: breath
o Reproduction: reproduce
o Communication
 Structure and Function of Cellular Components of Eukaryotic Cell
o Three general components
 Plasma membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Intracellular organelles
 Nucleus: biggest intracellular organelle
o Nuclear membrane on the membrane
 Structure
o Nucleus: main housing for DNA
 What helps our cells to divide
 Tells them when to divide and has control of our genetic material
 Controls transfer from RNA to DNA
o Nuclear envelope
o Nuclear pore complexes
o Nucleolus
o Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- present within the cell
o Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-present within the cell
o Histone proteins
 Functions
o Cell division and control of genetic information
 Structure and Function of Cellular Components of Eukaryotic Cell
o Cytoplasm: plasma membrane is outer shell of an egg and cytoplasm is essentially the white
part of the egg (nuclear envelope is the yolk)
 Fills the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.
o Structure: IE cytoplasmic contains these things
 Cytoplasmic matrix
 Cytosol
 Cytoplasmic organelles
o Functions
 Synthesis and transport: this is where a lot of metabolic processes in our body happen
 Like convert nutrients externally from the cell to transfer them within the cell to
become different cell components
 Isolates and eliminates wastes.
 From the cell in the cytoplasm
 Metabolic processes
 Maintenance of cellular motility
 Helps our cells to move around the body (cells that move around the body are
lymphocytes, RBC’s, WBC’s, etc)
 Storage

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 Storing energy and other electrolytes within the cytoplasm
 Ribosomes: free ones are the ones that are separate and not part of the endoplasmic reticulum
o Structure: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) protein complexes; free vs. attached ribosomes
o Function: Synthesize proteins: ie what our DNA is all about; telling our body which
proteins to make to do different functions within the body (why RNA is so crucial to
helping us synthesize protein)
 Endoplasmic reticulum: wavy, folded area surrounding the nucleus
o Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Doesn’t have ribosomes
o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: has ribosomes
o Structure: Network of tubular or saclike channels; smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum
o Function: Site of protein synthesis; senses cellular stress
 Where protein synthesis happens, especially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
where ribosomes are and can sense when cell is under stress
 Question 1
o Ribosomes are nucleoproteins that
 are synthesized in the mitochondria and secreted into the cytosol.
 are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
 consist of a network of cisternae.
 synthesize a signal recognition sequence. (part of the RNA messaging pathway in
order to make the protein)
 Golgi complex: very similar to endoplasmic reticulum; does have secretory vesicles and cisternae—
proteins from endoplasmic reticulum are stored here
o Structure
 Flattened, smooth membranes
 Secretory vesicles and cisternae
 Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum that are packaged in the Golgi complex
 Clathrin-coated vesicles
o Functions
 “Refining plant” and directs traffic
 Where we Processes, secretes, and releases substances, especially protein from cells
 The protein is initially created in the endoplasmic reticulum but specifically by
the ribosomes and then its transferred to the golgi
 Then when we need those proteins the golgi complex actually secretes and
releases them
 Lysosomes:
o Structure: cells “lyse”—ie they break open/auto digest/digest
 Saclike structures that originate from the Golgi
 INTRACELLULAR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Breaking things apart and disposing and eating things in the cell
 IE the cells garbage disposal
 Primary vs. secondary lysosomes
 Primary vs. secondary—primary are pre-lysosomes and are not functional which
the secondary lysosomes are
o Functions
 Intracellular digestion system
 Role in auto digestion and autophagy
 Peroxisomes

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o Structure: to do with oxygen; major place where cells use oxygen and contain oxygen
enzymes
 Contain oxidative enzymes: detoxify compounds and fatty acids to keep the cell
healthy
 Are the major sites of oxygen utilization.—use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms
and synthesize phospholipids for nerve cell myelination
 Myelination refers to an increase in the fatty sheath surrounding neuronal
processes and fibers that increases the efficiency of electrical transmission
o Functions
 Detoxify compounds and fatty acids.
 Use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from substrates.
 Synthesize specialized phospholipids for nerve cell myelination.
 Mitochondria:
o Structure
 Is surrounded by a double membrane.
 Increased inner membrane surface area is provided by cristae.
 Cristae are the wavy walls
o Functions: energy workhorse of the cell
 Is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
 Participates in oxidative phosphorylation.
 Cytosol
o Structure
 Gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm – within which all the organelles are
sitting
 55% of the total cell volume
o Functions: where metabolism of nutrients is happening; as the cell takes in nutrients from
the blood stream or externally from the cell, it metabolizes them and creates the organelles
within the cell and also MRNA and DNA (helps with ribosomal protein synthesis and of
course storage)
 Intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions
 Ribosomal protein synthesis
 Storage
 Cytoskeleton
o “Bones and muscles” of the cell
 Maintains the cell’s shape and internal organization
o Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections
o Mechanotransduction: sense of touch or hearing; ability of cells to sense a physical impact
and triggers the cell to do things within the cell; signals nerve endings to go and conduct
sensation
o Microtubules—provide strength
 Centrioles: within the cytoplasm
o Microfilaments:made of a protein Actin
o Intermediate filaments: protect cell’s DNA
 Plasma membranes: where a lot of the work of the cell happens
o Control the composition of the space or compartment they enclose.
o Enclose the cell.