Nurs 6501 Midterm : Advanced Pathophysiology with verified solutions available

Hypoxia - ANSWhat is the number one cause of Cell Injury? Ischemia - ANSWhat is the "initial insult" resulting in Hypoxia? Ischemia - ANSCondition characterized by decreased blood flow to the cells Anoxia - ANSCondition characterized by a total lack of Oxygen reaching the cells 1. Decrease of ATP -Leads to: +Failure of the Na+/K+ pump +Failure of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 2. Cellular Swelling 3. damage to the mitochondria & cell walls 4. cell lyses - ANSWhat are the cellular responses to Hypoxia? Reperfusion Injury - ANSAn injury that can be caused due to restoration of oxygen after a Hypoxic event Free Radicals/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSMechanism through which a Reperfusion Injury damages the cell Free Radicals/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSAn electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron 1. Lipid peroxidation 2. Proteins alteration 3. DNA alteration - ANS3 effects of Free Radicals/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on the cell 1. Antioxidants (e.g. Vit. E, Vit. C, Albumin) 2. Enzymes (e.g. Superoxide dismutase) - ANS2 Mechanisms of Free Radical/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) inactivation 1. Lead 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Ethanol 4. Mercury 5. Social/Street drugs - ANSList 5 major causes of Chemical Injury