HUMAN BODY SCIENCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022/2023
KNOW FUNCTIONS MOST OF ALL - LESS MINUTE DETAIL
Module 1:
Lecture 1: Bones, Skeletal Structure, Imaging:
- Planes:
- Sagittal plane - vertical when looking down on head
- Median sagittal on the midline
- Coronal plane - frontal plane - horizontal when looking down on head
- Proximal vs. distal; lateral vs. medial
- Proximal - nearer to center of body or point of attachment - shoulder is proximal
to the hand
- Distal - farther away from center or point of attachment - hand is distal to the
shoulder
- Lateral - farther to the side - arm is lateral to the sternum
- Medial - closer to the middle - sternum is medial to the arm
- Bones:
- Framework of the body
- Protect delicate structures (e.g. heart)
- Act as levers for movement (with attached muscles)
- Store calcium - may be reabsorbed into blood when lacking in diet
- Bone marrow produces blood cells
- Need nutrition, exercise
- Not alcohol, caffeine, smoking - all decrease calcium
- Disorders:
- Osteoporosis - lack of calcium in bones, decrease in bone protein
- Osteopenia - heading towards osteoporosis
- Tumors
- Infection
- Structural disorders - e.g. scoliosis, cleft palate (opening in roof of mouth and/or
lip)
- Fractures
- Changes with aging
- Bones of the chest: sternum, ribs, vertebrae
- Sternum:
- Manubrium - top part
- Body - used for bone marrow needle biopsy
- Xiphoid - bottom part, flimsy and jagged - can puncture heart
- Sternal angle
- Ribs:
,HUMAN BODY SCIENCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022/2023
- Head, neck, body, angle
- Angle is weakest point
- First rib - shortest, stoutest - least vulnerable to fracture
- Middle ribs commonly fracture - may injure lung, liver, spleen
- Vertebrae:
- Body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spine
, HUMAN BODY SCIENCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022/2023
- Imaging techniques:
- X-rays - show varying densities - air = black, bone = white
- PA image - posterior-anterior - allows for magnetism to be farthest
from the heart
- CT scan - “computed tomography” - uses x-rays - computer can show
different sections and planes
- MRI - magnetic resonance imaging - no radiation used - uses magnetic properties
of the body
- In CT scans and MRI’s, view is from the bottom of the feet upwards
- Right side of the body is left side of the image
Lecture 2: The Skin and its Diseases:
- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
- Thickness ranges - .5 mm (eyelid) to 1.5 mm (sole of foot)
- Dermis - dense, irregular connective tissue - cushions body from stress and strain
- Hypodermis - subcutaneous - mainly fat storage
- Functions:
- Protection against disease - blocks most particles
- Sensory response
- Formation of Vitamin D
- Maintaining body temperature - holds or releases heat
- Sweat glands and fatty layers in skin help regulate
- Too hot outside → sweat glands release fluid and salt
- Too cold outside → fatty layers act as insulation, trap heat
- Waste exchange - e.g. sweat
- Dermatoglyphics = fingerprinting
- Harold Cummins - discovered science of fingerprinting - discovered that patients
with Down’s syndrome showed characteristic dermatoglyphic features on palms
and fingers
- Majority of the cells are in the epidermis - most are keratinocytes
- Produce keratin, lipid, Vitamin D
- Vitamin D absorbs calcium - strong and healthy bones
- Epidermis is the major source of Vitamin D for the body -
maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
- Sun also contributes - 10 minutes a day is enough to prevent
deficiencies
- Cell types: base of epidermis
- Squamous cells - close to surface, flattened
KNOW FUNCTIONS MOST OF ALL - LESS MINUTE DETAIL
Module 1:
Lecture 1: Bones, Skeletal Structure, Imaging:
- Planes:
- Sagittal plane - vertical when looking down on head
- Median sagittal on the midline
- Coronal plane - frontal plane - horizontal when looking down on head
- Proximal vs. distal; lateral vs. medial
- Proximal - nearer to center of body or point of attachment - shoulder is proximal
to the hand
- Distal - farther away from center or point of attachment - hand is distal to the
shoulder
- Lateral - farther to the side - arm is lateral to the sternum
- Medial - closer to the middle - sternum is medial to the arm
- Bones:
- Framework of the body
- Protect delicate structures (e.g. heart)
- Act as levers for movement (with attached muscles)
- Store calcium - may be reabsorbed into blood when lacking in diet
- Bone marrow produces blood cells
- Need nutrition, exercise
- Not alcohol, caffeine, smoking - all decrease calcium
- Disorders:
- Osteoporosis - lack of calcium in bones, decrease in bone protein
- Osteopenia - heading towards osteoporosis
- Tumors
- Infection
- Structural disorders - e.g. scoliosis, cleft palate (opening in roof of mouth and/or
lip)
- Fractures
- Changes with aging
- Bones of the chest: sternum, ribs, vertebrae
- Sternum:
- Manubrium - top part
- Body - used for bone marrow needle biopsy
- Xiphoid - bottom part, flimsy and jagged - can puncture heart
- Sternal angle
- Ribs:
,HUMAN BODY SCIENCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022/2023
- Head, neck, body, angle
- Angle is weakest point
- First rib - shortest, stoutest - least vulnerable to fracture
- Middle ribs commonly fracture - may injure lung, liver, spleen
- Vertebrae:
- Body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spine
, HUMAN BODY SCIENCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022/2023
- Imaging techniques:
- X-rays - show varying densities - air = black, bone = white
- PA image - posterior-anterior - allows for magnetism to be farthest
from the heart
- CT scan - “computed tomography” - uses x-rays - computer can show
different sections and planes
- MRI - magnetic resonance imaging - no radiation used - uses magnetic properties
of the body
- In CT scans and MRI’s, view is from the bottom of the feet upwards
- Right side of the body is left side of the image
Lecture 2: The Skin and its Diseases:
- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
- Thickness ranges - .5 mm (eyelid) to 1.5 mm (sole of foot)
- Dermis - dense, irregular connective tissue - cushions body from stress and strain
- Hypodermis - subcutaneous - mainly fat storage
- Functions:
- Protection against disease - blocks most particles
- Sensory response
- Formation of Vitamin D
- Maintaining body temperature - holds or releases heat
- Sweat glands and fatty layers in skin help regulate
- Too hot outside → sweat glands release fluid and salt
- Too cold outside → fatty layers act as insulation, trap heat
- Waste exchange - e.g. sweat
- Dermatoglyphics = fingerprinting
- Harold Cummins - discovered science of fingerprinting - discovered that patients
with Down’s syndrome showed characteristic dermatoglyphic features on palms
and fingers
- Majority of the cells are in the epidermis - most are keratinocytes
- Produce keratin, lipid, Vitamin D
- Vitamin D absorbs calcium - strong and healthy bones
- Epidermis is the major source of Vitamin D for the body -
maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
- Sun also contributes - 10 minutes a day is enough to prevent
deficiencies
- Cell types: base of epidermis
- Squamous cells - close to surface, flattened
