Hassania Idlakhlifte 10590204 unit 12: diseases and infections Aim:A
Pathogens are micro-organism that causes diseases and damage to a host causing infections. There are
five different type of pathogens which are: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and protozoa.
Bacteria:
Bacteria are known for being small single-celled living
microorganism and they can be seen easily under a
microscope. Bacteria are prokaryotic meaning that
compared to other organisms they lack of some
organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast, they
also don’t have nucleus instead they have double strand
DNA which is circular and continues which can be found
within the nucleoid. However, some bacteria some
bacteria instead of a nucleus they have a plasmid which
is an extra circle of genetic material. The plasmid is
antibiotic-resistant double-stranded DNA molecules
which makes them resistant to some antibiotics. There
are different types of bacteria and they all different in
shapes: Bacilli, Spirochetes bacteria are with a narrow
roll, Spirilla, Vibrios and Spirochetes. Not all bacteria are harmful, most bacteria are useful such as gut
bacterial which are found lining in the digestive system and they help breaking down the food and
manufacturing vitamins in the immune system. You can also find bacteria on the soils, rock and ocean
and they play an important role in the cycling of nutrients.
Gonorrhea is an example of bacterial disease caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea, which is
an infection sexually transmitted by not using protections. This type of disease is mostly common
between teenagers and young adults affecting both female and males. The main symptoms of
Gonorrhea are:
o Painful urination
o Vaginal discharged
o Virginal bleeding between periods and after virginal intercourse
o Pelvic pain
This transmitted infection can be treated by using antibiotics and injections such ceftriaxone.
Viruses:
Viruses is made up of a core of genetic
material that can be either DNA or RNA which
is surrounded by a protein coat called capsid
which has the role to protect the important
genome from nucleuses and the nuclei acid.
Some viruses are protected by an envelope of
protein molecules and fats. When the viruses
are their inactive form outside the cell, are
called virion. Each virion will have at least one
, Hassania Idlakhlifte 10590204 unit 12: diseases and infections Aim:A
own unique protein synthesized by specific genes inside its nucleic acid. Viruses also don’t have any
ribosomes, mitochondria. Since they don’t have a ribosome, they are enabling to synthesize proteins, so
they will have to use the ribosome found in the host cell to translate viral messengers RNA into viral
proteins. In fact, viruses they mostly depend on the host, without the host cells they are unable to
reproduce or produce or store energy in the for of ATP but they will have to obtain it from the host cell.
For viruses to be able to reproduces they will have to depended on the host cell protein synthesis
pathways, this happens when the virus will insert it genetic information into the host cell, co-opting the
protein.
An example viral disease is HIV also called human immunodeficiency virus. This virus targets the immune
system of our body especially the CD4 white blood. HIV will destroy the CD4 cells leading to the person
immune system to weaken making it easily prone to infections such as tuberculosis, cancer, fungal
infections and bacterial infections. HIV is spread through sharing needles and syringes and through anal
or vaginal sex and breast milk.
The main symptoms of HIV are:
o Fever
o Fatigues
o Swollen lymph nodes
o Oral yeast infection
o Shingles
o Pneumonia
HIV can be treated antiretroviral medicines which will stop the virus from multiplication itself in the
body, allowing the immune system to repair itself and prevent any more damage
Fungi
Fungus are a type of eukaryotic organism and they
come in different types such as yeast, mold and
mushroom. Fungus are known for being non-
vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic which means
that they crate symbiotic relationship with other
living creatures, an examples is fungal lichen that it
feeds on autotrophic. The fungus has a membrane-
bound organelles like a nuclei and mitochondria, and
their cell wall is made up by Chitin which is formed
of polysaccharides which it is like the ones that are
found insect. Fungus reproduces both by spore
production which Is sexually and by budding
(asexually) and they spread through spores release
cycle and contains clorophill.
Aspergillosis
This fungal infection is cause by a common mold called Aspergillus famigatus and usually lives indoor
and outdoor. This type of infection can lead to infections on the skin, ears, eyes and lungs. This is
Pathogens are micro-organism that causes diseases and damage to a host causing infections. There are
five different type of pathogens which are: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and protozoa.
Bacteria:
Bacteria are known for being small single-celled living
microorganism and they can be seen easily under a
microscope. Bacteria are prokaryotic meaning that
compared to other organisms they lack of some
organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast, they
also don’t have nucleus instead they have double strand
DNA which is circular and continues which can be found
within the nucleoid. However, some bacteria some
bacteria instead of a nucleus they have a plasmid which
is an extra circle of genetic material. The plasmid is
antibiotic-resistant double-stranded DNA molecules
which makes them resistant to some antibiotics. There
are different types of bacteria and they all different in
shapes: Bacilli, Spirochetes bacteria are with a narrow
roll, Spirilla, Vibrios and Spirochetes. Not all bacteria are harmful, most bacteria are useful such as gut
bacterial which are found lining in the digestive system and they help breaking down the food and
manufacturing vitamins in the immune system. You can also find bacteria on the soils, rock and ocean
and they play an important role in the cycling of nutrients.
Gonorrhea is an example of bacterial disease caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea, which is
an infection sexually transmitted by not using protections. This type of disease is mostly common
between teenagers and young adults affecting both female and males. The main symptoms of
Gonorrhea are:
o Painful urination
o Vaginal discharged
o Virginal bleeding between periods and after virginal intercourse
o Pelvic pain
This transmitted infection can be treated by using antibiotics and injections such ceftriaxone.
Viruses:
Viruses is made up of a core of genetic
material that can be either DNA or RNA which
is surrounded by a protein coat called capsid
which has the role to protect the important
genome from nucleuses and the nuclei acid.
Some viruses are protected by an envelope of
protein molecules and fats. When the viruses
are their inactive form outside the cell, are
called virion. Each virion will have at least one
, Hassania Idlakhlifte 10590204 unit 12: diseases and infections Aim:A
own unique protein synthesized by specific genes inside its nucleic acid. Viruses also don’t have any
ribosomes, mitochondria. Since they don’t have a ribosome, they are enabling to synthesize proteins, so
they will have to use the ribosome found in the host cell to translate viral messengers RNA into viral
proteins. In fact, viruses they mostly depend on the host, without the host cells they are unable to
reproduce or produce or store energy in the for of ATP but they will have to obtain it from the host cell.
For viruses to be able to reproduces they will have to depended on the host cell protein synthesis
pathways, this happens when the virus will insert it genetic information into the host cell, co-opting the
protein.
An example viral disease is HIV also called human immunodeficiency virus. This virus targets the immune
system of our body especially the CD4 white blood. HIV will destroy the CD4 cells leading to the person
immune system to weaken making it easily prone to infections such as tuberculosis, cancer, fungal
infections and bacterial infections. HIV is spread through sharing needles and syringes and through anal
or vaginal sex and breast milk.
The main symptoms of HIV are:
o Fever
o Fatigues
o Swollen lymph nodes
o Oral yeast infection
o Shingles
o Pneumonia
HIV can be treated antiretroviral medicines which will stop the virus from multiplication itself in the
body, allowing the immune system to repair itself and prevent any more damage
Fungi
Fungus are a type of eukaryotic organism and they
come in different types such as yeast, mold and
mushroom. Fungus are known for being non-
vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic which means
that they crate symbiotic relationship with other
living creatures, an examples is fungal lichen that it
feeds on autotrophic. The fungus has a membrane-
bound organelles like a nuclei and mitochondria, and
their cell wall is made up by Chitin which is formed
of polysaccharides which it is like the ones that are
found insect. Fungus reproduces both by spore
production which Is sexually and by budding
(asexually) and they spread through spores release
cycle and contains clorophill.
Aspergillosis
This fungal infection is cause by a common mold called Aspergillus famigatus and usually lives indoor
and outdoor. This type of infection can lead to infections on the skin, ears, eyes and lungs. This is
