AP World History Modern Unit 3 with complete solution
Qing Dynasty of China
The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by
the People's Republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.
Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912.
Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and
Mongolia.
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty
in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine
Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from
1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and
eastern Europe.
Safavids
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th
centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.
Songhai
a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th
century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with
Portugal
Devshirme
'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken
by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units utilized by the
Ottomans)
Janissary
elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the
Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam
Samurai
Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore
answerable only to God.
Absolute Monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king
or queen has almost complete power
Versailles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the
nobility.
Zamindars
, Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for
the emperor.
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
(completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between
Indian and Arabic architectural styles
Tax farming
To generate money for territorial expansion Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection
system. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect
taxes for them.
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement begun by Catholic monk Martin Luther who began to
question the practices of the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman
Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian
denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many
others.
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on
October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic
Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church
practices. Began the Protestant Reformation
Counter or Catholic Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the
veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected),
ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits, but also the Inquisition
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a
teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the
Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain
Catholic converts
Indulgence
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins
Simony
the buying and selling of church offices
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a
reaction to the Protestant Reformation
Thirty Years War
(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and
their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who
supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of
Westphalia; indicates the effects of the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
Qing Dynasty of China
The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by
the People's Republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.
Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912.
Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and
Mongolia.
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty
in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine
Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from
1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and
eastern Europe.
Safavids
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th
centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.
Songhai
a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th
century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with
Portugal
Devshirme
'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken
by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units utilized by the
Ottomans)
Janissary
elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the
Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam
Samurai
Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore
answerable only to God.
Absolute Monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king
or queen has almost complete power
Versailles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the
nobility.
Zamindars
, Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for
the emperor.
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
(completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between
Indian and Arabic architectural styles
Tax farming
To generate money for territorial expansion Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection
system. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect
taxes for them.
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement begun by Catholic monk Martin Luther who began to
question the practices of the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman
Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian
denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many
others.
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on
October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic
Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church
practices. Began the Protestant Reformation
Counter or Catholic Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the
veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected),
ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits, but also the Inquisition
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a
teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the
Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain
Catholic converts
Indulgence
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins
Simony
the buying and selling of church offices
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a
reaction to the Protestant Reformation
Thirty Years War
(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and
their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who
supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of
Westphalia; indicates the effects of the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
