Why do we say that Modern History begins with the Industrial Revolution?
Began around 1750 in Britain
The agricultural revolution is when people stopped using medieval farming techniques,
therefore increasing food production and so, less farmers were needed
Cities became bigger and more modern and established (urbanisation)
It was the start of a new era (an era of machinery, mechanisation) which is still influential
today
Factories began to provide work in the cities as it was the start of mass production
Economies which were based on agriculture were transformed into being based on industry
and manufacture
There was a new class system and the emergence of the "middle class"
This middle class drove the demand for consumer goods -> higher demand for products
created more inventions to continue to increase production
Living conditions improved for most civilians
Still poor working and living conditions for many of the working class
The population increased as the death rate went down
It led to new social divisions (eg: north and south England)
Modes of transport used changed as the steam ship and railway emerged
Crime rates began to increase
The industrial revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of
machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources
Causes of the IR:
New inventions
Introduction to the factory system
Invention of the steam engine
A need for improved living conditions
Conditions of the IR:
Improved living conditions
Increased air pollution
New factories built
Children sent to work for money to support their families
Consequences of the IR:
Population grew dramatically
Less people worked on farms
Major cities were established
New improved modes of transport for travel and transportation of goods
Rural communities converted into urban ones
New sources of power in peoples everyday lives
New "middle class" developed
How did European nationalism and imperialism impact upon the modern
world?
Nationalism: the feeling of love and loyalty for one's country. Can also relate to the desire of
a group of people who feel united by culture, language and shared history to form an
independent nation state
Imperialism: the policy or practice of expanding a country's power, influence and territory by
taking control of other people's territory or countries and their resources
, Cities were gradually becoming more modernised and advanced, so people found pride and
passion in their country
A newfound idea of equality and justice was established, leading to the empowerment of
people who proceeded to unite across Europe
The French were the first to give their citizens' rights, giving them a reason to be proud of
their country
The rise of nationalism was influenced by people's pride in new political systems which were
established within their countries (people could now choose who would be the right leader
for the country)
Other nations were influenced by France and Napoleons use of nationalism to create a
French army, resulting in the French conquest of other European nations -eg: Germany and
Italy (causing their own nationalism to rise in response)
Due to the new school system, children were taught to be proud of their country from a
young age
There was an increased sense of citizenship and rights created
The industrial revolution brought unity through new modes of transport and communication
Eurocentrism emerged: a worldview that is centred on Western civilization or a biased view
that favours it over non-Western civilizations
European nationalism was inspired by the French Revolution, and was a long-term cause of
WWI
A lot more countries were part of the trading system as a result of European imperialism
Imperialism increased European power and encouraged attitudes of Eurocentrism
Imperial rivalry was a result: other countries wanted to follow in the examples of Britain
(cause of WWII)
The link between the industrial revolution and imperialism was the European expansions,
which increased Britain's power as the centre of the world's economy
People wanted to "grab" land for their empires before other Europeans could (eg: scramble
for Africa & Asia)
Who moved where and why between 1750 and 1900?
Due to growing imperialism and new transports & communication (due to Industrial
revolution) it made it easier for groups to move
The growing population in Britain contributed to the desire to move to new colonies
Convicts were sent from Britain to Australia (as independent America wouldn't take them)
Free settlers wanted to create a new life for themselves
Newfound British/European colonies were founded and established, created by those
moved from Europe either as convicts or free settlers
Over 12 million Africans were transported to the slave markets of Europe (between C15 and
C19)
Europeans discussed the cruelty of slavery but the trade continued because it was argued
that wealth from slavery outweighed the evil
Slavery dominated the economy of the southern states of America and the Caribbean
C18 British government was facing a drastic increase in crime rates
As a result, the death penalty was given OR the transportation to prisons in a distant land
In 1755 American colonies rebelled against the British and so they proceeded to live on
"hulks" (warships)
1779 is when Botany Bay was recommended as an alternative destination
Despite the majority of convicts going to Australia being from Britain, the convict population
was multicultural
Steam power gave the world mobility and the ability for ordinary people to seek better lives
in foreign lands
Began around 1750 in Britain
The agricultural revolution is when people stopped using medieval farming techniques,
therefore increasing food production and so, less farmers were needed
Cities became bigger and more modern and established (urbanisation)
It was the start of a new era (an era of machinery, mechanisation) which is still influential
today
Factories began to provide work in the cities as it was the start of mass production
Economies which were based on agriculture were transformed into being based on industry
and manufacture
There was a new class system and the emergence of the "middle class"
This middle class drove the demand for consumer goods -> higher demand for products
created more inventions to continue to increase production
Living conditions improved for most civilians
Still poor working and living conditions for many of the working class
The population increased as the death rate went down
It led to new social divisions (eg: north and south England)
Modes of transport used changed as the steam ship and railway emerged
Crime rates began to increase
The industrial revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of
machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources
Causes of the IR:
New inventions
Introduction to the factory system
Invention of the steam engine
A need for improved living conditions
Conditions of the IR:
Improved living conditions
Increased air pollution
New factories built
Children sent to work for money to support their families
Consequences of the IR:
Population grew dramatically
Less people worked on farms
Major cities were established
New improved modes of transport for travel and transportation of goods
Rural communities converted into urban ones
New sources of power in peoples everyday lives
New "middle class" developed
How did European nationalism and imperialism impact upon the modern
world?
Nationalism: the feeling of love and loyalty for one's country. Can also relate to the desire of
a group of people who feel united by culture, language and shared history to form an
independent nation state
Imperialism: the policy or practice of expanding a country's power, influence and territory by
taking control of other people's territory or countries and their resources
, Cities were gradually becoming more modernised and advanced, so people found pride and
passion in their country
A newfound idea of equality and justice was established, leading to the empowerment of
people who proceeded to unite across Europe
The French were the first to give their citizens' rights, giving them a reason to be proud of
their country
The rise of nationalism was influenced by people's pride in new political systems which were
established within their countries (people could now choose who would be the right leader
for the country)
Other nations were influenced by France and Napoleons use of nationalism to create a
French army, resulting in the French conquest of other European nations -eg: Germany and
Italy (causing their own nationalism to rise in response)
Due to the new school system, children were taught to be proud of their country from a
young age
There was an increased sense of citizenship and rights created
The industrial revolution brought unity through new modes of transport and communication
Eurocentrism emerged: a worldview that is centred on Western civilization or a biased view
that favours it over non-Western civilizations
European nationalism was inspired by the French Revolution, and was a long-term cause of
WWI
A lot more countries were part of the trading system as a result of European imperialism
Imperialism increased European power and encouraged attitudes of Eurocentrism
Imperial rivalry was a result: other countries wanted to follow in the examples of Britain
(cause of WWII)
The link between the industrial revolution and imperialism was the European expansions,
which increased Britain's power as the centre of the world's economy
People wanted to "grab" land for their empires before other Europeans could (eg: scramble
for Africa & Asia)
Who moved where and why between 1750 and 1900?
Due to growing imperialism and new transports & communication (due to Industrial
revolution) it made it easier for groups to move
The growing population in Britain contributed to the desire to move to new colonies
Convicts were sent from Britain to Australia (as independent America wouldn't take them)
Free settlers wanted to create a new life for themselves
Newfound British/European colonies were founded and established, created by those
moved from Europe either as convicts or free settlers
Over 12 million Africans were transported to the slave markets of Europe (between C15 and
C19)
Europeans discussed the cruelty of slavery but the trade continued because it was argued
that wealth from slavery outweighed the evil
Slavery dominated the economy of the southern states of America and the Caribbean
C18 British government was facing a drastic increase in crime rates
As a result, the death penalty was given OR the transportation to prisons in a distant land
In 1755 American colonies rebelled against the British and so they proceeded to live on
"hulks" (warships)
1779 is when Botany Bay was recommended as an alternative destination
Despite the majority of convicts going to Australia being from Britain, the convict population
was multicultural
Steam power gave the world mobility and the ability for ordinary people to seek better lives
in foreign lands
