AP Biology Unit 1 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Carbohydrate Examples glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Disaccharide A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. Monosaccharide A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar. Polysaccharide Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides Glycosidic Linkage A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. Starch A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. Cellulose A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms Lipid Examples fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides Unsaturated Fat A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Saturated Fat A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms Steroid lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings Phospholipid a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes Nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Nucleic Acid Examples DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids) Protein Examples amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes Triglyceride a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule Amino Acid Examples glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ... Primary Structure of a Protein sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure of a Protein protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain Tertiary Structure of a Protein protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure Quaternary Structure of a Protein protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain Disulfide Bridge The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S—S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule. Hydrogen Bonds Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule nucleic acid kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN) elements that make up a nucleic acid nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base double helix term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand RNA ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information how RNA differs from DNA the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) elements that make up a protein amino acid building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group structure of an amino acid a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group peptide bond covalent bond formed between amino acids polypeptide chain a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds R-group stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties properties the R-group may give the amino acid hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic four levels of a proteins structure primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure hydrophobic R-groups move together to the interior of a protein, away from water lipids macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids fatty acid building block of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group glycerol a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic functions of lipids long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing phospholipid lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group hydrophobic tail another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid hydrophobic head another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid -ose suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose) glycosidic linkage covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide) macromolecules large organic molecules four number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements hydrocarbons carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar nonpolar not soluable in water polar soluable in water polymer molecules that consist of many repeated monomers monomer molecules that consist of a single unit dehydration synthesis reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed hydrolysis the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers functional groups parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule slightly negative charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule slightly positive hydrophilic Term for substances that dissolve in water. hydrophobic Term for substances that do not dissolve in water. high specific heat property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding evaporative cooling water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat the reason ice floats in liquid water less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate cohesion the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules adhesion the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces atom Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud. protons Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom. neutrons Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom. electrons Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom. ion atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron chemical bond attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration nonpolar covalent bond Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally. covalent bond Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared. polar covalent bond Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule