AP Biology Exam 2023 with verified questions and answers

Difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryote cells: Eukaryotes have internal-membrane bound organells Prokaryote cells Unicellular organisms that don't have nuclei Eukaryotic cells Organisms whose cells contain their genetic information inside the nucleus Which of the following structural features of phospholipid molecules affect their ability to assemble into cell membranes? Phosolipids have both hydrophonic and hydrophilic regions Whcih of the following structures is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Ribosomes Which of the following organelles is most likely to affect apoptosis? Lysosome How does the folded nature of the cristae within mitochondria affect their function? The folds increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of mitochondrial reactions Which of the following organelles functions in both the storage of nutrients and the transport of nutrients throughout a cell? Vacuole Which of the following describes the function of the endomembrane system of eukoryotes? Synthesis and transport of polypeptides Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes? Mitochondrion Which of the following effects is likely to result if the chloroplasts are removed from a plant cell? The cell will not be able to produce glucose through carbon fixation Which of the following statements best describes the possible effects of organelle malfunction? Organelle malfunction disrupts normal cell function, which causes wider systemic malfunction Which of the following describes a characteristic similarity of ALS, multiple sclerosis, and Tay-Sachs disease? These are all neurological diseases Which of the following statements provided the evidence for you to rule out the possibility that Morgan had Lyme disease or flu? Morgan did not have a sore throat, fever, or swollen lymph nodes If Micheal had any children, will they be at risk of also having the disease affecting Micheal? Yes, because it is an inherited disease Micheal had extremely high levels of fatty acids in his blood. Which of the following describes a possible cause of this abnormality? His nerve cells had malfunctioning lysosomes, so fatty acids were not being broken down Based upon Micheal's symptoms and diagnosis, what can you infer about the process of apoptosis? It can be triggered by organelle malfunction Morgan's mitochondrial myopathy is due to a genetic defect. Which of the following statements provides evidence that this is a hereditary disorder? Morgan's cells do not produce a protein needed for optimal mitochondrial function Which of the following describes a possible treatment to Micheal's condition? Administer a medication that counteracts apoptosis due to lipid accumulation A patient with mitochondrial myopathy would be expected to have low levels of which of the following? ATP What type of tissue is affected by myopathy? Muscle Which of the following statements describes the range of properties possible for proteins embedded in cell membranes? The hydrophonic regions of a membrane protein are embedded in the lipid bilayer, while the protuding parts of the protein are hydrophilic regions Which of the following properties of water molecules increases the ability of water to be a good solvent? Water molecules contain polar covalent bonds, which affect the polarity of the molecules and increase their ability to dissolve other molecules Which of the following processes is depicted in the diagram? Active transport (arrow pointing right w/ more concentration) Internal membranes facilitate cellular processes by: Minimizing competing interactions Which of the following molecules freely diffuses through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? Oxygen, because it is nonpolar Which of the following types of molecules is most likely to be found embedded in plasma membranes to aid in cell-to-cell recognition? Glycoprotein If structure X is removed from the membrane shown below, which substance listed will become unable to cross the membrane? Glucose, due to its size Chart with H2C and CH2: A Which of the following substances moves in cyclic fashion between the environment and living organisms, forming an essential component of proteins lipids, and nucleic acids found in living cells? Carbon A cell has an internal concentration of sodium chloride equal to 9 g/L. A sodium chloride (NaCl) solution has prepared in a lab of concentration of 8 g/L. Which of the following describes the effect of placing the cell in this solution? The solution is hypotonic to the cell, so the cell will take in water and burst Which of the following does not drive passive transport of a substance through a cell membrane? ATP Which set of substances requires either channel or transport proteins to cross the cell membrane? H2O, NaCl, C6H12O6 Predict which of the following cells will demonstrate the slowest rate of nutrient diffusion The cell with the smallest surface-area-to-volume ratio Image of Plasma membrane: Endocytosis; uptake of nutrients Predict which cell will experience the most rapid exchange of materials with the environment Cube-shaped cell with dimensions of 2umx2umx2um Which of the following factors most influences the rate of molecular movement into a cell? Kinetic energy of the molecules Which of the following characteristics most limits the efficiency of a cell's material exchange with its environment? Surface-area-to-volume ratio Which of the following descriptions of the surface area of a maple-tree leaf best explains the relationship of structure to function? The surface-area-to-volume ratio of the leaf is very high to maximize CO2 intake A cuboidal cell and a spherical cell have the same volume, but the cuboidal cell has a higher surface area than the spherical cell. Which of the following is true? The cuboidal cell will take in nutrients and eliminate wastes more efficiently than the spherical cell Which of the following descriptions of the structure of an elephant best explains the large, flat ears filled with many tiny blood vessels known as capillaries? Elephant ear structure allows for the most rapid heat exchange with the environment Spherical cells of various sizes were observed under the microscope and their diameters recorded. Predict which of the following cells will require the greatest amount of time to move nutrients through the cytoplasm 8 um diameter Suppose you calculate the surface area of spheres of increasing volumes and then you graph the results. If you plot surface area on the y-axis and volume on the x-axis, what will be the result? A curve with a continually decreasing slope Which of the following shapes, all with fixed volume x, will allow for the most efficient exchange of materials with the environment? An elongated rod of volume x As a cell grows larger and increases in volume, which of the following effects on its surface area is most likely? Its surface area increases, but not as quickly as its volume increases Which of the following body locations contains cells with the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Lungs, in order to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment Which of the following substances is most likely to be soluble in water? A polar substance capable of forming hydrogen bonds Which of the following correctly describes the property of water that helps protect aquatic organisms when winter temperatures plunge well below freezing for several months? Water's density decreases as it changes from a liquid to a solid Image of blue bar, zoned in on line: Adhesion Which of the following processes is most likely to be occurring when a person sweats during heavy exercise? Evaporative cooling Runoff is water that collects on Earth's surface after rainfall and eventually flows into larger bodies of water for the conclusion that runoff often contains fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals that farmers have applied to their fields? Water is an excellent and versatile solvent Which of the following correctly describes a hydrogen bond? A bond between hydrogen and another atom Which of the following properties of water is the result of strong forces of attraction between water molecules? Cohesion Which of the following factors most directly contributes to the polarity of water? Uneven shape Which of the following is the reason that your feet are burned by sand on a beach, but cooled by the ocean just a few feet away? Water's high specific heat Two cubes: predict which of the following cells has the most efficient nutrient absorption and elimination Cell A, because it has the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio Chart of shapes: predict which of the following cells has the most efficient nutrient absorption and elimination Small cube, because its dimensions allow the most nutrients to enter and move the shortest distance The image below shows a prokaryotic cell. Describe how this cell differs from a eukaryotic cell It has a cell wall, which is a structure not found in a number of eukaryotic cells Cell membrane permeability: What question is the scientist most likely trying to answer by conducting the experiment? How do proteins affect the rate of diffusion of polar molecules across a cell membrane? If the Golgi body of a cell becomes nonfunctional, which of the following would you predict will happen? Modification and distribution of proteins in vesicles in vesicles will stop Which of the following explains why the presence of internal membranes affords these cells an advantage over cells lacking such structures? Compartmentalization keeps different functions seperarted within the cell Which molecule should the biologist tag with the radioactive label in order to collect the data she is looking for? Glucose What do you predict the reason for the cell death? Lysosomes are manufacturing, so molecules targeted for destruction are not being removed Graph: Energy use up, concentration gradient right Active transport of larger molecules requiring the output of energy Graph of purple and blue blob: Digestion of food particles Which of the following is the most likely to result in a change in the phenotype of an organism? Alterations in the DNA sequences in the organism's chromosomes Which of the following processes takes place in eukaryotic cells after a messenger RNA molecule is transcribed from DNA? The mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications Which of the following correctly states a difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and protein synthesis in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes, but not eukaryote, undergo transcription and translation simultaneously Which of the following provides DNA with the capacity to serve as the carrier of biological information? Its arrangement of nucleotides Which of the following determines the structural and functional characteristics of a protein? Its amino acid sequence Which of the following occurs when a peptide bond forms between two amino acids? A water molecule is released as a covalent bond forms between carboxyl group of one ammino acid and an amino group of another amino acid Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase in a cell? It reads the DNA molecule for synthesis for a complementary strand of mRNA Mutations caused by errors during translation most likely cause which of the following effects? The effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral Image: which component of a nucleotide monomer is represented by #2 in the diagram? 5-carbon sugar Which of the following describes the initiation step of translation? Ribosomal RNA recognizes a specific region of mRNA Which of the following is an example of a codon? UCG What accounts for the finding that a protein normally in an aqueous buffer but loses its function when placed in an organic solvent such as hexane? The protein's overall shape can be varying depending on the solvent Which statement below accurately describes 3' and 5' ends of DNA? They are carbons in the pentose sugar involved in a sugar-phosphate linkage and determine the direction of transcription Which two cellular components make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the process of translation? Ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins Image: Genetic sequence circle Histidine (His) What must happen to a strand of polypeptides before it becomes a functioning protein? It must be folded into its proper shape Which of the following must occur before mRNA can leave the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? (intron, exons spliced, poly-A tail) I, II, V A codon contains a triplet code. Which of the following is true of this code? The three nucleotides of a codon carry information to make a single amino acid What is the end product of translation? Polypeptides A codon is part of a ___molecule, while an artification is part of an ___molecule mRNA, DNA What role do tRNA molecules play in protein synthesis? They carry amino acids to sites of protein synthesis How does genetic information flow to nearly all cells? DNA--mRNA--protein Which of the following would you expect to contribute to faster protein synthesis in prokaryotes? mRNA does not have to cross a cell membrane How is mRNA related to DNA? mRNA and DNA have nucleotides that complement one another What would be the direct result if RNA polymerase were missing from a cell? DNA could not be transcribed Which of following produces no change in a phenotype? Silent mutation Codon table: How will the mutation affect the resulting protein's structure? The protein's structure will change because it will have an amino acid substitution Which of the following correctly describes the primary and tertiary structures of a protein? The primary structure is the amino acid chain; the tertiary structure is the protein's shape What is a point mutation? A change in a single nucleotide Which best explains the rise in antibiotic resistance among bacteria? Antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, decreases competition for antibiotic resistant bacteria Which letter marks the zone of inhibition? B How does the modern definition of antibiotic differ? An antibiotic is any chemical, natural, or synthetic, that inhibits the growth of a microorganism Which of the following correctly describes a plasmid? A small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome Why would a scientist add a florescent jellyfish gene to a plasmid? To determine if plasmid transformation has been successful Which of the following correctly describes bacterial transformation? Extracellular DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell Which of the following statements describes an adaptation? Tree frogs developing poisonous secretions and bright coloration Which of the following conditions renders a population vulnerable to the loss of alleles as a result of random mating? Reduced population size Which of the following describes the fact that island chains are often sites of rapid speciation events? Islands in an island chain are isolated and have slightly different environments and resources, so many species can evolve Which of the following statements is true about the potential for evolutionary change across many generations within a single population? The direction and rate of evolutionary change within a population depend on changes taking place in the population's environment Which of the following conditions must be met in order for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? There is no immigration or emigration Which of the following statements is true regarding the scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution? Scientific evidence supports the evolution of all extinct species and all existing species Which of the following exerts selective pressures on populations? Environmental According to the theory of natural selection, which of the following statements describes the cause of differential survival within a single population? Individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on to their offspring Which of the following determines the new petal colors that spontaneously appear in a population of wildflowers? Changes in DNA What is the relative fitness of a flower? 0% A mule's sterility is an example of which condition? A postzygotic barrier that prevents gene flow between speces Which factor will most likely impact the survival of a species in a rapidly changing environment? The overall collection of alleles in the population is diverse and varied Which of the following statistics is used to measure the evolutionary fitness of a population? Number of surviving offspring Which of the following events provides a mechanism for rapid evolution over a single generation? Polyploidy Which of the following statements is true? Chance and random events can influence the evolutionary process in all populations, but especially in small ones What role do humans play in artificial selection? Humans choose which organisms to be bred In the Hummingbird War Game, what can you conclude? Allele frequencies changed in the plant population Which of the following is a product of artificial selection? A turkey that lays larger eggs than wild turkeys How could artificial selection have changed this change in teosinte? By producing new combinations of traits In which way are natural selection and artificial selection the same? They both exert selective pressure on an individual Which exemplifies evolution by artificial selection? Breeding only cows that give the most milk How would a phenotype change caused by artificial selection differ from a phenotype change caused by natural selection? It would be no different How is selective pressure related to evolution? Selective pressure can be a driving force in evolution How did feeding choice in Hummingbird Game affect evolution of flower length? Competition provided selective pressure Which factor places limits on size, number, color, or other characteristics of an organism produced by artificial selection? Genetic variations Which of the following types of evolution has the sunflower population undergone? Stabilizing How might gene flow between two populations act against speciation? By increasing the mixing of gene pools from the two populations What would you expect to find in a large gene pool? High genetic variation Map: U.S distribution The species has experienced a bottleneck Which of the following terms applies to these species? Behavioral and geographical isolation What is the founder effect? Genetic drift observed after a small population splits off Which of the following is true of artificial selection? It is directed by humans What type of speciation process includes polyploidy? Sympatric What type of selection does this represent? Directional What evolutionary process has increased as a result? Gene flow If a mutation event occurs that results in the deletion of one base near the beginning of the sequence, which of the following is the most likely outcome? The protein synthesized Which statement most likely explains this change? Changes in the environment changed each morph's ability to evade predation in different ways Graph: Evaluate the data to determine whether the data data suggest any changes in genetic diversity for this population over time The data for gene Y and gene Z suggest a loss of diversity, but other data show no evidence of change Image: D-loop, anticodon and T+C loop Distribution of base pairing in the D-loop will disrupt the shape of the D-loop arm, which will destroy this molecule`s ability to bind to enzymes or ribosomes Graph: Number of individuals w/increase from dull to brightly colored The graph will split down the middle into two groups, one dull and the other brightly colored, with very few individuals of intermediate coloration Graph: Prediction if migration is possible between populations B and C The average number of alleles per gene for population B will increase but will decrease for population C Which of the following statements most directly supports the claim bulls observed variation in behavior is genetically determines? Young cattle sired by certain bulls are more excitable than cattle sired by other bulls Bar graph: Proportion of population Beginning in 2002, the pollinator population is shifted from bees to butterflies Degrees of Freedom question The population is not in equilibrium and is changing in a direction that suggests genetic drift Which statement below if the most likely explanation in the changes to this organism over the six-year period shown? This organism has constantly undergone evolution, although at different rates at different times throughout the data collection period, and will continue this way in the future Which of the following types of macromolecules was one of the first molecules formed on primitive Earth that allowed life to arise? Amino acids Image: Arms of different species These species share a common ancestor from which they evolved seperately What does this indicate about the origins of life? All organisms descended from a common ancestor What are these structures? (DNA image) Plasmids Graph: Frequency of alleles spiking up with generation Environmental pressures selected in favor of this alleles, which confers an advantage to the organism