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History
Section A
[1]
, Causes for Decline of Mughul Empire
Mughul Empire was established by Zahir-ud-din Babur & it was at peak in the reign of
Aurangzeb Alamgir but after his death, empire began to decline. Some historians are blaming
that the policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the collapse of Mughul Empire but
there were number of reasons contributed for the collapse of Mughul Empire.
Administrative Problems:
Mughul Empire was extended on large area. It was extended from Kashmir to Karnatic
province and from Chittagong to Ghazni. An emperor setting in the court did not know that
what is going on in each and every part of the empire. Information came delay to the court so
the reponse of the emperor was also delayed. Thus the vastness of empire created
administrative problems so that’s why M.E got collapse.
Mansabdari System:
Mansabdari system was introduced for efficient administration. Mansabdars were appointed
to collect taxes. Many Mansabdars went corrupt. They kept money in their own pockets and
thus became very powerful and challenged the authority of Mughuls. This system could not
bring its desired results & damaged the empire economically.
Succession Problems:
As there was no specific law of succession so the Mughul’s Princes fought with one another to
get the throne after the death of their father. Examples were the sons of Shah Jehan &
Aurangzeb Alamgir. This infighting amongst mughuls damaged the empire not only
economically but militarily as well.
Interference in Religious Affairs:
Initially Mughuls did not interfere in the religious matters of Indians when Akbar came in
power so he presented a new religion known as Den-e -Ilahi which was against the teaching of
Islam. He abolished Jizya, allowed the official celebration of Devali and Holi and also allowed
inter marraiges. On the other side when Aurangzeb Alamgir came in power so he brought pro-
Islamic policies. He re imposed jizya, imposed extra taxes on Hindus traders and also banned
the official celebration of Devali and Holi. This religious interference by mughuls created
hatred in people so mughuls faced rebellions consistently which further weaken the empire
internally so that's why ME got collapse
Internal & External Threats:
Internally mughuls faced problems from rebellions such as Maratha in central india and Sikhs
in Punjab. Shive jee from Maratha gave a tough time to Aurangzeb. In fact Aurangzeb took 25
years to suppress rebellions in Maratha. Externally there were also trouble makers for mughuls
such as Ahmed shah Abdali from Afghanistan and Nadir shah from Persia. They attacked on
mughuls many times to capture land. Nadir shah also took Pea cock throne as well. This
consistent fighting of mughuls army against rebellions and invaders increased their war expense
and also weaken their military strength so ME declined.
[2]
, Luxurious Lifestyle:
Huge buildings, fine dresses and food was considered as symbol of power by mughuls. They
spent a lot of wealth on these things. Apart from this, music, dance and gambling were common
at the court of mughuls except Aurangzeb Alamgir. By indulging themselves in these of types
of activities, they could not pay attention towards administration. Mughuls also spent too much
wealth on art and architecture which weaken the empire financially so that's why M.E got
collapse
Arrival of British:
British came here as traders. They exported raw materials such as cotton, spices and silk to
Europe and imported industrial goods to the sub-continent as Europe was passing through
industrial revolution. They trade gave them a huge profit so they set a private army to protect
their trading bases against their trading rivals such Dutch and Portuguese. Due to the industrial
revolution, they also brought modern weapons so by having a skilled army, British exploited
the weaker position of the Mughuls. They captured the land from locals one by one and
became the master of this world.
Q: Why did the Mughul Empire decline following the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir? [7]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Mughul Empire declined due to several reasons.
Level 2: Identify Reasons (Any Three)
Those reasons were poor administration by Mughuls, their infighting for
succession of thrown and the arrival of British within the sub-continent.
Level 3: Explain every reason.
Explain all three reasons one by one.
Q: Succession was the major reason for the collapse of M.E? Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [14]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Level 2: Identify other Factors [4]
Level 3: Explain first factor (Mentioned in your question)
Level 4: Explain other factors as well (at least 4 others)
Level 5: Judgment / Opinion
[3]
, EAST INDIA COMPANY
In 1600, Queen Elizbeth 1 granted permission for a private company to start trade in the east
of Africa. EIC attempted first in Indonesia but was failed to start trade due to Dutch traders.
They came to the S.C , landed at Surat and asked permission from jehangir to start trade
which was refused . In 1612, the prince of Gujrat “Shah Jehan" granted a limited permission
for EIC to start it’s within the SC.
Q: What was East India Company? [4]
Interest of EIC within the Sub-continent
The EIC became involved within the sub-continent due to number of reasons.
Trade:
EIC came to the SC for trade. They exported raw materials such as cotton, spices and
silk to Europe and imported industrial goods to the SC as Europe was passing through
Industrial age. This trade gave them a huge profit so they called India as golden sparrow
To establish colony within India.
British wanted to establish trading bases and colonies in India. Their aim was to expel other
European such as French, Dutch and Portuguese in order to get a complete domination on trade
within India thus they wanted to dictate their own trade laws within the SC. By their presence
within the SC they wanted to keep an eye on Russia and China which were growing powers of
this region
Access to Warm Water:
EIC wanted to set up a strategic warm water sea port within the SC so they could carry their
trade throughout the year. By getting their control on warm water, they wanted to expand their
trade in multiple directions.
th
Q: Why did the Indian soil attract the European in 17 century? [7]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Europeans were attracted towards the sub-continent due to several reasons.
Level 2: Identify factors
They wanted to establish exploit wealth of India; they wanted to get control on trade
within the S.C and also aimed to get access to warm water of this region.
Level 3: Explain each and every reasons
Explain all three reasons.
[4]
History
Section A
[1]
, Causes for Decline of Mughul Empire
Mughul Empire was established by Zahir-ud-din Babur & it was at peak in the reign of
Aurangzeb Alamgir but after his death, empire began to decline. Some historians are blaming
that the policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the collapse of Mughul Empire but
there were number of reasons contributed for the collapse of Mughul Empire.
Administrative Problems:
Mughul Empire was extended on large area. It was extended from Kashmir to Karnatic
province and from Chittagong to Ghazni. An emperor setting in the court did not know that
what is going on in each and every part of the empire. Information came delay to the court so
the reponse of the emperor was also delayed. Thus the vastness of empire created
administrative problems so that’s why M.E got collapse.
Mansabdari System:
Mansabdari system was introduced for efficient administration. Mansabdars were appointed
to collect taxes. Many Mansabdars went corrupt. They kept money in their own pockets and
thus became very powerful and challenged the authority of Mughuls. This system could not
bring its desired results & damaged the empire economically.
Succession Problems:
As there was no specific law of succession so the Mughul’s Princes fought with one another to
get the throne after the death of their father. Examples were the sons of Shah Jehan &
Aurangzeb Alamgir. This infighting amongst mughuls damaged the empire not only
economically but militarily as well.
Interference in Religious Affairs:
Initially Mughuls did not interfere in the religious matters of Indians when Akbar came in
power so he presented a new religion known as Den-e -Ilahi which was against the teaching of
Islam. He abolished Jizya, allowed the official celebration of Devali and Holi and also allowed
inter marraiges. On the other side when Aurangzeb Alamgir came in power so he brought pro-
Islamic policies. He re imposed jizya, imposed extra taxes on Hindus traders and also banned
the official celebration of Devali and Holi. This religious interference by mughuls created
hatred in people so mughuls faced rebellions consistently which further weaken the empire
internally so that's why ME got collapse
Internal & External Threats:
Internally mughuls faced problems from rebellions such as Maratha in central india and Sikhs
in Punjab. Shive jee from Maratha gave a tough time to Aurangzeb. In fact Aurangzeb took 25
years to suppress rebellions in Maratha. Externally there were also trouble makers for mughuls
such as Ahmed shah Abdali from Afghanistan and Nadir shah from Persia. They attacked on
mughuls many times to capture land. Nadir shah also took Pea cock throne as well. This
consistent fighting of mughuls army against rebellions and invaders increased their war expense
and also weaken their military strength so ME declined.
[2]
, Luxurious Lifestyle:
Huge buildings, fine dresses and food was considered as symbol of power by mughuls. They
spent a lot of wealth on these things. Apart from this, music, dance and gambling were common
at the court of mughuls except Aurangzeb Alamgir. By indulging themselves in these of types
of activities, they could not pay attention towards administration. Mughuls also spent too much
wealth on art and architecture which weaken the empire financially so that's why M.E got
collapse
Arrival of British:
British came here as traders. They exported raw materials such as cotton, spices and silk to
Europe and imported industrial goods to the sub-continent as Europe was passing through
industrial revolution. They trade gave them a huge profit so they set a private army to protect
their trading bases against their trading rivals such Dutch and Portuguese. Due to the industrial
revolution, they also brought modern weapons so by having a skilled army, British exploited
the weaker position of the Mughuls. They captured the land from locals one by one and
became the master of this world.
Q: Why did the Mughul Empire decline following the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir? [7]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Mughul Empire declined due to several reasons.
Level 2: Identify Reasons (Any Three)
Those reasons were poor administration by Mughuls, their infighting for
succession of thrown and the arrival of British within the sub-continent.
Level 3: Explain every reason.
Explain all three reasons one by one.
Q: Succession was the major reason for the collapse of M.E? Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [14]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Level 2: Identify other Factors [4]
Level 3: Explain first factor (Mentioned in your question)
Level 4: Explain other factors as well (at least 4 others)
Level 5: Judgment / Opinion
[3]
, EAST INDIA COMPANY
In 1600, Queen Elizbeth 1 granted permission for a private company to start trade in the east
of Africa. EIC attempted first in Indonesia but was failed to start trade due to Dutch traders.
They came to the S.C , landed at Surat and asked permission from jehangir to start trade
which was refused . In 1612, the prince of Gujrat “Shah Jehan" granted a limited permission
for EIC to start it’s within the SC.
Q: What was East India Company? [4]
Interest of EIC within the Sub-continent
The EIC became involved within the sub-continent due to number of reasons.
Trade:
EIC came to the SC for trade. They exported raw materials such as cotton, spices and
silk to Europe and imported industrial goods to the SC as Europe was passing through
Industrial age. This trade gave them a huge profit so they called India as golden sparrow
To establish colony within India.
British wanted to establish trading bases and colonies in India. Their aim was to expel other
European such as French, Dutch and Portuguese in order to get a complete domination on trade
within India thus they wanted to dictate their own trade laws within the SC. By their presence
within the SC they wanted to keep an eye on Russia and China which were growing powers of
this region
Access to Warm Water:
EIC wanted to set up a strategic warm water sea port within the SC so they could carry their
trade throughout the year. By getting their control on warm water, they wanted to expand their
trade in multiple directions.
th
Q: Why did the Indian soil attract the European in 17 century? [7]
Level 1: Simple Statement
Europeans were attracted towards the sub-continent due to several reasons.
Level 2: Identify factors
They wanted to establish exploit wealth of India; they wanted to get control on trade
within the S.C and also aimed to get access to warm water of this region.
Level 3: Explain each and every reasons
Explain all three reasons.
[4]
