Niu Nursing 308 Exam 2 2023 Latest
Update /89 questions and answers.
Describe the role of cilia in the mucosal membranes as part of the respiratory system. - -
Warms and humidifies inspired air and removes foreign particles from it.
-What is the primary function of the pulmonary system? - -Diffuse gasses into and out
of the blood.
Ventilate the alveoli.
perfuse the lungs so the body recieves oxygen.
-Where in the brain, are respirations controlled? - -Medulla oblongata
-What is volunary breathing necessary for? - -talking, singing, laughing, and holding
ones breath.
-What is the goal of nursing care for a patient who has ARDS - -Indirect & direct care
Early detection and support
placing patient in prone position
maintaining adequate oxygenation
mechanical ventilation involving PEEP and an inverse I: E ration
-direct lung care: - -apiration, near drowning, viral bacterial pnemonia, pulmonary
contusion, transthoracic radiation, oxygen toxicity, & inhalation injury.
-Indirect lung care: - -sepsis, shock, head injury, non thoracic trauma, pacreatis, burns,
cardio pulmonary bypass, embolism, DIC
-which nerve provide the lungs with parasympathetic innervation? - -Vagus nerve or
vagal nerve stimulation
-Ventilation - -mechanical movement of gas or air in and out of the lungs
-Perfusion - -the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to
the body organs and tissues
-Diffusion - -the movement of gases between the air spaces in the lungs and in the
bloodstream
-irritant receptors - -Found in the epithelium of conducting airways; sensitive to
noxious aerosols, gases, particular matter and initiate the cough reflex
-stretch receptors - -Located in the smooth muscles of airways, decrease the ventilatory
rate and volume when stimulated, occurs in newborns and adults
, -J receptors - -Located near the capillaries in the alveolar septa; sensitive to increased
pulmonary capillary pressure, which stimulates them to initiate rapid, shallow
breathing; hypotension and/or bradycardia
-central receptors - -Located near the respiratory center and monitor arterial blood
indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of the CSF; as CO2 accumulates in the blood
because of lack of ventilation, it diffuses across the blood-brain barrier into the CSF
-peripheral chemoreceptors - -Somewhat sensitive to changes in the pH and instead
are sensitive mostly to PaCO2 levels.
-How would increase CO retention affect respiratory rate? - -Increased CO would affect
RR because it would increase the rate and depth of the breathes. ** double check this idk
-Alveolar gas pressure - -If the gas pressure exceeds the blood pressure in the capillary,
the capillary collapses and blood flow ceases.
*perfusion exceeds ventilation in the bases and ventilation exceeds perfusion in the
apices
-How is oxygen transported in the body and how is carbon dioxide transported in the
body? Where does diffusion of oxygen take place? - -Oxygen is carried by RBC
hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is transported by being dissolved into plasma, converted
into bicarbonate
-In the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what causes a right shift and what causes a
left shift? - -Right shift: acidosis and hypercapnia; increased levels of CO2 and H+
produced by metabolic activity decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for O2+ and O2 is
released into the tissues
Left shift: alkalosis and hypocapnia; CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, the
blood CO2 level is reduced and the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is increased so that
more O2 can be transported into the tissues.
-Bohr effect - -Shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are caused by shifts in
CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration
-Whats the cause of asthma? - -caused by exposure to high levels of certain allergens
during childhood, and decreased exposure to certain infectious microorganisms appears
to create an immunologic imbalance that favors the development of allergy and asthma
-shunt - -very low V/Q and causes collapse of alveolus
-Dead space - -high V/Q, no perfusion, just a dead space
-What are the symptoms associated with PE? - -Sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain,
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety and occasionally syncope
Update /89 questions and answers.
Describe the role of cilia in the mucosal membranes as part of the respiratory system. - -
Warms and humidifies inspired air and removes foreign particles from it.
-What is the primary function of the pulmonary system? - -Diffuse gasses into and out
of the blood.
Ventilate the alveoli.
perfuse the lungs so the body recieves oxygen.
-Where in the brain, are respirations controlled? - -Medulla oblongata
-What is volunary breathing necessary for? - -talking, singing, laughing, and holding
ones breath.
-What is the goal of nursing care for a patient who has ARDS - -Indirect & direct care
Early detection and support
placing patient in prone position
maintaining adequate oxygenation
mechanical ventilation involving PEEP and an inverse I: E ration
-direct lung care: - -apiration, near drowning, viral bacterial pnemonia, pulmonary
contusion, transthoracic radiation, oxygen toxicity, & inhalation injury.
-Indirect lung care: - -sepsis, shock, head injury, non thoracic trauma, pacreatis, burns,
cardio pulmonary bypass, embolism, DIC
-which nerve provide the lungs with parasympathetic innervation? - -Vagus nerve or
vagal nerve stimulation
-Ventilation - -mechanical movement of gas or air in and out of the lungs
-Perfusion - -the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to
the body organs and tissues
-Diffusion - -the movement of gases between the air spaces in the lungs and in the
bloodstream
-irritant receptors - -Found in the epithelium of conducting airways; sensitive to
noxious aerosols, gases, particular matter and initiate the cough reflex
-stretch receptors - -Located in the smooth muscles of airways, decrease the ventilatory
rate and volume when stimulated, occurs in newborns and adults
, -J receptors - -Located near the capillaries in the alveolar septa; sensitive to increased
pulmonary capillary pressure, which stimulates them to initiate rapid, shallow
breathing; hypotension and/or bradycardia
-central receptors - -Located near the respiratory center and monitor arterial blood
indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of the CSF; as CO2 accumulates in the blood
because of lack of ventilation, it diffuses across the blood-brain barrier into the CSF
-peripheral chemoreceptors - -Somewhat sensitive to changes in the pH and instead
are sensitive mostly to PaCO2 levels.
-How would increase CO retention affect respiratory rate? - -Increased CO would affect
RR because it would increase the rate and depth of the breathes. ** double check this idk
-Alveolar gas pressure - -If the gas pressure exceeds the blood pressure in the capillary,
the capillary collapses and blood flow ceases.
*perfusion exceeds ventilation in the bases and ventilation exceeds perfusion in the
apices
-How is oxygen transported in the body and how is carbon dioxide transported in the
body? Where does diffusion of oxygen take place? - -Oxygen is carried by RBC
hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is transported by being dissolved into plasma, converted
into bicarbonate
-In the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what causes a right shift and what causes a
left shift? - -Right shift: acidosis and hypercapnia; increased levels of CO2 and H+
produced by metabolic activity decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for O2+ and O2 is
released into the tissues
Left shift: alkalosis and hypocapnia; CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, the
blood CO2 level is reduced and the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is increased so that
more O2 can be transported into the tissues.
-Bohr effect - -Shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are caused by shifts in
CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration
-Whats the cause of asthma? - -caused by exposure to high levels of certain allergens
during childhood, and decreased exposure to certain infectious microorganisms appears
to create an immunologic imbalance that favors the development of allergy and asthma
-shunt - -very low V/Q and causes collapse of alveolus
-Dead space - -high V/Q, no perfusion, just a dead space
-What are the symptoms associated with PE? - -Sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain,
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety and occasionally syncope
