NIU NURS 308 Test 3 2023 Latest Update /120
questions and answers.
Types of Fractures - -Transverse-line of break forms a right angle with the access of the
bone (straight)
Oblique-line of break runs obliquely to the access to the bone (slant)
Occult-fracture that is hidden/not readily discernable
Spiral- when torgue (rotating motion) is applied along the access of the bone
Comminuted- 2+ pieces of fractured bone
Pathologic-related to disease process that weakens the bone
Greenstick- break in only one cortex of the bone, inner surface still in tact
Impacted-one bone end is wedged into the opposite end of the fracture break
-dislocation vs subluxation - -Dislocation: temporary displacement of two bones, loss
of contact between articular cartilage
Subluxation: contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost
-strain vs sprain - -Strain: involve the muscle-tendon unit, stretching or partial tear,
results from a sudden stretch of a muscle that is actively contracting
Sprain: involve the supporting ligaments of a joint, resembling a strain but pain and
swelling subside more slowly
s/s - rapid swelling, discoloration, and limitation of function
-Ligaments vs Tendons - -Ligaments: fibrous tissue, attach bone to bone, and stabilize
joints against excessive movement, tear not stretch when exposed to stress
Tendons: dense collagen fibers, attach muscle to bone, transfer forces from muscle to
bone, act as a type of biological spring for muscles to allow additional stability during
movement
-Sarcopenia - -age related muscle loss from decrease in muscle strength.
-types of bone cells - -Osteoblasts- lay down extracellular matrix, bone building cells
Osteoclasts-breakdown the extracellular matrix, remove excess debris in bone minerals,
reabsorptive cells of bones
Osteocytes-live in mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix, derrived from
osteoblasts
,-Compartment syndrome - -increased pressure in muscle compartment
Specific Cause: conditions increasing compartment pressure (bleeding after fracture),
decrease compartment volume (tight bandage/cast), a distrubance of vascular supply to
extremity
S/S: pain, pulslessness, pallor, pressure, paresthesia, paresis
Dx Criteria: direct measurement of intracompartmental pressure with manometer or
electronic transducer. Exclude other issues with: lab tests, ultrasonography, and
imaging studies
Tx: Fasciotomy in affected area, skin graft to close resultant opening, vacuum assited
wound closure device helps speed up process
-Osteoporosis - -Specific Cause: can occur w disorders, but most often from aging.
imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation, reabsorbs faster
S/S: weakness and weight loss, fratures, decreased bone density/mass
Dx Criteria: Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing,DXA Scan
Tx: teach importance of intake of vitamin D and calcium and regular exercise
-Osteomyelitis - -infection of the bone
Specific Cause: open wound (exogenous) or blood borne (endogenous) infections.
Staphylococcal infection
S/S: Acute and Chronic inflammation, chills, fever, pain, necrotic bone, purulent
exudate inside bone, damage to arteries in the bone, can penetrate skin or involve joints
Dx Criteria: radiograph or MRI
Tx: difficult to treat: antibiotics, debridement, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy
-Osteoarthritis - -disorder of synnovial joints
Specific Cause: idiopathic (unknown)
S/S: Begins with general systemic manifestations of inflammation: fever, fatigue,
weakness, anorexia, weight loss, generalized aching and joint stiffness. Over a period of
weeks or months, the joints become painful, tender, stiff, swollen, warm, boggy, and lose
range of motion
Joint deformities
, Dx Criteria: history of present illness, xrays, labs to rule out other illness
Tx: no cure: symptom management, physical therapy, rehab, pharmacology measures,
surgery measures
-Rheumatoid arthritis - -chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disorder, commen in
women
Specific Cause: unknown, genetic predisposition
S/S: fatigue, weakness, general aching and stiffness; exacerbations and remissions
Dx Criteria: history of present illness, labs ( RA or RF test), synovial fluid analysis,
radiology
Tx: reduce pain (pharm/non-pharm), minimize stiffness and swelling, maintain
mobility, and become informed, physical rest and therapeutic exercise
-Gout - -metabolic disorder disrupting body control of uric acid production or
excretion, high levels in blood or other body fluids
Specific Cause: overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid, kidneys not functioning
right, purine metabolism
S/S: An increase in serum urate concentration (hyperuricemia) Recurrent attacks of
monoarticular arthritis (inflammation of a single joint), deposits of monosodium urate
monohydrate (tophi) in and around the joints, renal disease involving glomerular,
tubular, and interstitial tissues and blood vessels, formation of renal stones
Dx Criteria: history/physical exam, blood test, joint fluid test, ultrasound, other imaging
Tx: anti-inflammatory durgs, steroids for pain relief or ice, decrease serum uric acid:
veggie/fruit diet with little meat and no alcohol, high water intake
-Causes of different osteoporosis - -Iatrogenic- from medications and treatment
Regional- disuse or immobilization of a leg
Postmenopausal- low estrogen levels
Glucocorticoid induced- cortizone inhibits osteoblast formation and function
Age related bone loss- 4th decade of life
-Cranial Nerves 1 thru 6- function and location - -I. Olfactory- in nasal olfactory
epithelium, purely sensory, carry impulses for smell
II. Optic- in retina of eye, purely sensory impulses for sight
questions and answers.
Types of Fractures - -Transverse-line of break forms a right angle with the access of the
bone (straight)
Oblique-line of break runs obliquely to the access to the bone (slant)
Occult-fracture that is hidden/not readily discernable
Spiral- when torgue (rotating motion) is applied along the access of the bone
Comminuted- 2+ pieces of fractured bone
Pathologic-related to disease process that weakens the bone
Greenstick- break in only one cortex of the bone, inner surface still in tact
Impacted-one bone end is wedged into the opposite end of the fracture break
-dislocation vs subluxation - -Dislocation: temporary displacement of two bones, loss
of contact between articular cartilage
Subluxation: contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost
-strain vs sprain - -Strain: involve the muscle-tendon unit, stretching or partial tear,
results from a sudden stretch of a muscle that is actively contracting
Sprain: involve the supporting ligaments of a joint, resembling a strain but pain and
swelling subside more slowly
s/s - rapid swelling, discoloration, and limitation of function
-Ligaments vs Tendons - -Ligaments: fibrous tissue, attach bone to bone, and stabilize
joints against excessive movement, tear not stretch when exposed to stress
Tendons: dense collagen fibers, attach muscle to bone, transfer forces from muscle to
bone, act as a type of biological spring for muscles to allow additional stability during
movement
-Sarcopenia - -age related muscle loss from decrease in muscle strength.
-types of bone cells - -Osteoblasts- lay down extracellular matrix, bone building cells
Osteoclasts-breakdown the extracellular matrix, remove excess debris in bone minerals,
reabsorptive cells of bones
Osteocytes-live in mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix, derrived from
osteoblasts
,-Compartment syndrome - -increased pressure in muscle compartment
Specific Cause: conditions increasing compartment pressure (bleeding after fracture),
decrease compartment volume (tight bandage/cast), a distrubance of vascular supply to
extremity
S/S: pain, pulslessness, pallor, pressure, paresthesia, paresis
Dx Criteria: direct measurement of intracompartmental pressure with manometer or
electronic transducer. Exclude other issues with: lab tests, ultrasonography, and
imaging studies
Tx: Fasciotomy in affected area, skin graft to close resultant opening, vacuum assited
wound closure device helps speed up process
-Osteoporosis - -Specific Cause: can occur w disorders, but most often from aging.
imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation, reabsorbs faster
S/S: weakness and weight loss, fratures, decreased bone density/mass
Dx Criteria: Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing,DXA Scan
Tx: teach importance of intake of vitamin D and calcium and regular exercise
-Osteomyelitis - -infection of the bone
Specific Cause: open wound (exogenous) or blood borne (endogenous) infections.
Staphylococcal infection
S/S: Acute and Chronic inflammation, chills, fever, pain, necrotic bone, purulent
exudate inside bone, damage to arteries in the bone, can penetrate skin or involve joints
Dx Criteria: radiograph or MRI
Tx: difficult to treat: antibiotics, debridement, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy
-Osteoarthritis - -disorder of synnovial joints
Specific Cause: idiopathic (unknown)
S/S: Begins with general systemic manifestations of inflammation: fever, fatigue,
weakness, anorexia, weight loss, generalized aching and joint stiffness. Over a period of
weeks or months, the joints become painful, tender, stiff, swollen, warm, boggy, and lose
range of motion
Joint deformities
, Dx Criteria: history of present illness, xrays, labs to rule out other illness
Tx: no cure: symptom management, physical therapy, rehab, pharmacology measures,
surgery measures
-Rheumatoid arthritis - -chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disorder, commen in
women
Specific Cause: unknown, genetic predisposition
S/S: fatigue, weakness, general aching and stiffness; exacerbations and remissions
Dx Criteria: history of present illness, labs ( RA or RF test), synovial fluid analysis,
radiology
Tx: reduce pain (pharm/non-pharm), minimize stiffness and swelling, maintain
mobility, and become informed, physical rest and therapeutic exercise
-Gout - -metabolic disorder disrupting body control of uric acid production or
excretion, high levels in blood or other body fluids
Specific Cause: overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid, kidneys not functioning
right, purine metabolism
S/S: An increase in serum urate concentration (hyperuricemia) Recurrent attacks of
monoarticular arthritis (inflammation of a single joint), deposits of monosodium urate
monohydrate (tophi) in and around the joints, renal disease involving glomerular,
tubular, and interstitial tissues and blood vessels, formation of renal stones
Dx Criteria: history/physical exam, blood test, joint fluid test, ultrasound, other imaging
Tx: anti-inflammatory durgs, steroids for pain relief or ice, decrease serum uric acid:
veggie/fruit diet with little meat and no alcohol, high water intake
-Causes of different osteoporosis - -Iatrogenic- from medications and treatment
Regional- disuse or immobilization of a leg
Postmenopausal- low estrogen levels
Glucocorticoid induced- cortizone inhibits osteoblast formation and function
Age related bone loss- 4th decade of life
-Cranial Nerves 1 thru 6- function and location - -I. Olfactory- in nasal olfactory
epithelium, purely sensory, carry impulses for smell
II. Optic- in retina of eye, purely sensory impulses for sight
