BIOL235 Final Exam with Complete Solution Rated A+ 2023

The extracellular matrix is called blood plasma, and it suspends various cells and cell fragments. - blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix. - is the fluid that bathes body cells -it is constantly renewed by the blood. -blood transports oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the GI tract, which diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into body cells. - Carbon dioxide and other wastes move in the reverse direction, from body cells to interstitial fluid to blood. Blood then transports the wastes to various organs—the lungs, kidneys, and skin—for elimination from the body. - interstitial fluid Blood has three general functions: 1.) *Transportation. * blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for exhalation. It carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells and hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells. Blood also trans- ports heat and waste products to various organs for elimination from the body. 2.)*Regulation. * Circulating blood helps maintain homeostasis of all body fluids. Blood helps regulate pH through the use of buffers (chemicals that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones). It also helps adjust body temperature through the heat- absorbing and coolant properties of the water (see Section 2.4) in blood plasma and its variable rate of flow through the skin, where excess heat can be lost from the blood to the environment. In addition, blood osmotic pressure influences the water content of cells, mainly through interactions of dissolved ions and proteins. 3.)*Protection.* Blood can clot (become gel-like), which protects against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system after an injury. In addition, its white blood cells protect against dis- ease by carrying on phagocytosis. Several types of blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons, and complement, help protect against disease in a variety of ways. 1. Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes. 2. Regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells. 3. Protects against blood loss through clotting, and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement. - functions of blood -Blood is denser and more viscous (thicker) than water and feels slightly sticky. -The temperature of blood is 38C (100.4F) - 1C higher than oral or rectal body temperature, -slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. - The color of blood varies with its oxygen content. When saturated with oxygen, it is bright red. When unsaturated with oxygen, it is dark red. -Blood constitutes about 20% of extracellular fluid, amounting to 8% of the total body mass. -The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) in an average- sized adult male and 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female. -The gender difference in volume is due to differences in body size. Several hormones, regulated by negative feedback, ensure that blood volume and osmotic pressure remain relatively constant. -Especially important are the hormones aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide, which regulate how much water is excreted in the urine - Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood. Whole blood has two components: (1) blood plasma, a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances (2) formed elements, which are cells and cell fragments. -Blood is about 45% formed elements and 55% blood plasma. (think when blood is spun and separates) - components of blood -platelets occupy less than 1% of the formed elements. -Because they are less dense than red blood cells but more dense than blood plasma, they form a very thin -buffy coat layer- between the packed RBCs and plasma in centrifuged (SPUN) blood. - buffy coat plasma proteins albumins globulins fibrinogen antibodies or immunoglobulins table on pg 664 - plasma -(7%) -Most produced by liver.