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Class notes PSYCHOLOGY

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Counseling is a process of providing emotional and psychological support to individuals who are going through a difficult time. This can include children, people affected and infected with HIV, refugees and war victims, domestic and sexual violence victims, and others who have experienced trauma or are dealing with challenging life circumstances. Counseling children requires a special approach, as children may not have the verbal skills to express their emotions and thoughts effectively. The counselor needs to create a safe and comfortable environment for the child to express themselves through play or art therapy. The counselor also needs to be aware of the child's developmental stage and tailor their approach to meet the child's needs. People affected and infected with HIV require a counselor who is knowledgeable about the disease and its impact on physical and mental health. The counselor needs to help the person manage the physical symptoms of the disease and address the emotional challenges of living with HIV, such as stigma, fear, and anxiety. Refugees and war victims often have experienced trauma, loss, and displacement. The counselor needs to understand the cultural and social factors that may influence the person's experience and provide support in a culturally sensitive manner. The counselor also needs to help the person navigate the challenges of adapting to a new environment and rebuilding their life. Domestic and sexual violence victims require a counselor who is skilled in trauma-focused therapy. The counselor needs to provide a safe and non-judgmental environment for the person to process their experience and develop coping strategies. The counselor also needs to provide support for the person to seek legal and medical services if necessary. In all these cases, counseling requires a sensitive and empathetic approach that helps the person feel heard and understood. The counselor needs to be skilled in active listening, communication, and problem-solving. They also need to be knowledgeable about the resources available to the person and help them access those resources to support their recovery and healing.

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ACP 107 – CHILD PSYCHOLOGY




FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND ARTS

,INTRODUCTION
Child Psychology is a course offered within the Bachelor of Psychology degree course.
This course introduces students to the many different perspectives in child psychology. It is
designed to provide the learner with the knowledge, and skills required relevant to child and
family counseling as well as dealing with children in care settings. Focus will be given to
theories of child development, stages of development and the factors affecting development of
children.



COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course the learner should;
 Be familiar with the different theoretical models of understanding child development.
 To understand Areas and methods of Research on Children
 Explain different areas of childhood development
 Appreciate the factors influencing the child’s development.
 Discuss Resilience in Children.




TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to child psychology
o A brief overview of the course (Child psychology).
o History of Child Psychology.
o The concept of Childhood.
o Areas of Application


2. Theories of Child Psychology
o Psychoanalytic child development theories
o Cognitive child development theories
o Social child development theories

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,3. Research methodology in child psychology
o Importance of research on child development
o Measurement techniques used in developmental research
o Ethical issues involved in research with children


4. Areas of Child Development.
o Physical Development
o Cognitive development
o Language and communication;
o Emotional development.
5. Brain Development
o Brain Development
o Risk factors for Brain development
o Windows of Opportunity


6. Stages of development
o Prenatal Development
o Birth and Neonate
o Early Childhood, Middle Childhood,
o Transition to Adolescence
7. Ecological influences on child development
o The family environment
o Poverty and consequences
o Impact of community violence
o Cultural and maturational influences


8. Developmental psychopathologies
o Development of some childhood disorders
o Risk and Resilience
o Prevention and treatment

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, LECTURER 1

INTRODUCTION TO CHILD PSYCHOLOGY



1.1 LECTURE OBJECTIVES




By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:  Define
the term child psychology.
 State the goals of child psychology.
 Discuss the history of child psychology
 Explain the concept of childhood
 Discuss the applications of child psychology.




1.2 INTRODUCTION

In this section we are going to introduce what child psychology is.

Child psychology is also referred to as child development. It is the study of the psychological
processes of children and, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they
develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the
next.

Child psychology represents an approach to understanding children through a description and an
explanation of the psychological changes which children undergo in the course of time. E.g as
children grow older they form attachments to people, acquire language and learn to behave in
ways that are rewarding. They become able to regulate their own behavior.




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