Class-12 Notes For Preparation OF
CUET&NEET
Human Health And Disease
Human Health and Disease is an essential chapter comprising information
related to various diseases, their agents, body immunity, etc. Studying the
entire chapter before an examination is time-consuming as students have to
study other materials as well. So, a selective material on significant concepts
of this chapter is always advantageous.
Kinds of Diseases
Human diseases fall under two categories:
● Congenital: Condition present from the time of birth
● Acquired: A disease that occurs in the course of one’s lifetime
Immunity
Immunity refers to a body’s ability to fight and protect itself from the attack of
infectious microorganisms or foreign bodies. It is of two kinds, such as –
1. Innate Immunity
This immunity is available from the time of birth and provides barriers to the
invasion of any external disease-causing agent. Moreover, there are four kinds
of barriers present; these include –
● Physical barrier.
● Physiological barrier.
● Cellular barrier.
● Cytokine barrier.
2. Acquired Immunity
This kind of resistance is pathogen-specific, and an individual acquires it
during his/her lifespan.
The following table represents several infectious diseases that are common in
human beings, along with their symptoms and effects.
, Organism or
Disease/Test Means of
Pathogen Symptoms Affects
Name Infection
Responsible
Persistent high
fever, stomach Intestinal
Widal Test or Salmonella Contaminated pain, low perforation and
Typhoid Fever typhi water. appetite, even death
headache and may occur.
constipation.
Inhalation of
aerosols or
droplets Alveoli gets
Hemophilus Cough,
released from filled with fluid
influenzae and headache,
Pneumonia a person with and cause
streptococcus chills and
the infection, or respiratory
pneumoniae fever.
by touching issues.
infected
utensils.
Nose blockage
Cough, sneeze Affects
and discharge,
and respiratory
Common Cold Rhino viruses dry throat,
contaminated passage and
headache,
substances. nose.
cough.
Vector:
P. vivax Parasites
Anopheles
(Protozoan) High fever increase in
mosquito
Malaria and accompanying liver and
(female);
Plasmodium chills. attacks red
through
falciparum blood cells.
mosquito bite.
Pain in
Carrier:
abdomen,
Houseflies;
blood and
Amoebic Spreads
Entamoeba mucous Affects the
Dysentery or through food
histolytica present in large intestine.
Amoebiasis contaminated
stool,
by faecal
constipation,
matter.
cramps.
CUET&NEET
Human Health And Disease
Human Health and Disease is an essential chapter comprising information
related to various diseases, their agents, body immunity, etc. Studying the
entire chapter before an examination is time-consuming as students have to
study other materials as well. So, a selective material on significant concepts
of this chapter is always advantageous.
Kinds of Diseases
Human diseases fall under two categories:
● Congenital: Condition present from the time of birth
● Acquired: A disease that occurs in the course of one’s lifetime
Immunity
Immunity refers to a body’s ability to fight and protect itself from the attack of
infectious microorganisms or foreign bodies. It is of two kinds, such as –
1. Innate Immunity
This immunity is available from the time of birth and provides barriers to the
invasion of any external disease-causing agent. Moreover, there are four kinds
of barriers present; these include –
● Physical barrier.
● Physiological barrier.
● Cellular barrier.
● Cytokine barrier.
2. Acquired Immunity
This kind of resistance is pathogen-specific, and an individual acquires it
during his/her lifespan.
The following table represents several infectious diseases that are common in
human beings, along with their symptoms and effects.
, Organism or
Disease/Test Means of
Pathogen Symptoms Affects
Name Infection
Responsible
Persistent high
fever, stomach Intestinal
Widal Test or Salmonella Contaminated pain, low perforation and
Typhoid Fever typhi water. appetite, even death
headache and may occur.
constipation.
Inhalation of
aerosols or
droplets Alveoli gets
Hemophilus Cough,
released from filled with fluid
influenzae and headache,
Pneumonia a person with and cause
streptococcus chills and
the infection, or respiratory
pneumoniae fever.
by touching issues.
infected
utensils.
Nose blockage
Cough, sneeze Affects
and discharge,
and respiratory
Common Cold Rhino viruses dry throat,
contaminated passage and
headache,
substances. nose.
cough.
Vector:
P. vivax Parasites
Anopheles
(Protozoan) High fever increase in
mosquito
Malaria and accompanying liver and
(female);
Plasmodium chills. attacks red
through
falciparum blood cells.
mosquito bite.
Pain in
Carrier:
abdomen,
Houseflies;
blood and
Amoebic Spreads
Entamoeba mucous Affects the
Dysentery or through food
histolytica present in large intestine.
Amoebiasis contaminated
stool,
by faecal
constipation,
matter.
cramps.
