SED2601 Exam 2023 with verified questions and answers

Sociology is a study of? Social systems that should be investigated as an interrelated whole. Theorists argue that education is? A means of shaping learners' charaters. The Sociology of education... Examines the relationship between the school, politics, economics and culture. What are the aspects that Ballantine & Hammock consider part of education? The ability to think creatively. The cultivation of global mindset. The provision of training in problem solving. Respect for others. What contributed towards the development of new social patterns in society? The development of technology and the growth of mass media. What is the latent function Functionalist suggests that schools have? Produces people who share economic and political practices and people who share the cultural practices and norms of society. Highly complex, industrialised societies tend to? Establish a system of universal, compulsory public education and ensure that role differentiation is achieved. Political socialisation refers to ? A persons political loyalty is widened beyond the local group and political loyalty widened to include the state. Some functionalists argue that racial minorities in society must? Assimilate into the dominant culture of society and adjust to the dominant culture of the school. Functionalists believe that social class inequalities are? Necessary as they motivate people to take on important positions. Conflict theorist argue that schools? Are not a social benefit and that they prepare people to become compliant workers in a capitalist economy. Conflict theorists suggests that IQ ( Intelligence Quotient) tests? Favour the affluent classes and are culturally biased. The term "gender differences" in the context of conflict theory means that men? Gain power over property and gain power over woman and suppress woman. According to conflict theorists, the racial order in society? Is inextricably tied to class stratification According to Bowles and Gintis what are the components of hidden curriculum? A passive acceptance of hierarchy and the fragmentation of school subjects. Explicit components of symbolic interactionism are? Interpretation, action and constructivism Constructavists contend that knowledge can be labelled as? Personally constructed and socially mediated. For a symbolic interactionist, gender is something which is? Constantly made up and reproduced through social interaction. What conditions need to be met if racial prejudice is to be reduce? Social norms favouring equality must be agreed upon. Contact must be between individuals of equal status. Contact must be sustained. The symbolic interactionist approach to minority groups is that they? Form their identity because of socio-historical change What are the aspects of symbolic interactionist theory? Everyday contact Social interaction Constructed identity Social institutions include? The family The economy Schools It can be argued that school ? IS where secondary socialization takes place and has a formal curriculum. Social integration is best describe as a process? Where there is inclusion, participation and social justice. The economic system is? - A set of arrangements by which a society produces distributes and consumes goods - Interlinked with society - Crucial to the survival of modern society. The ecology of a "healthy" school should include? Good leadership, resources and well-maintained physical facilities. The term macro-system within the context of the Bronfenbrenner's theory of ecological systems mean? The overarching pattern of micro-, meso and exosystems characteristics of a given culture or subculture. Symbolic interactionism focuses on interactions between the teacher and the learner. What is the teachers expectancy effect? When the teacher's expectation of a learner can lead to the learner's positive or negative performance. The idea of citizenship entails? A legal status (to be a citizen). An emphasis on cosmopolitan ideals. Citizenship as a practice (to act as a citizen). A cosmopolitan view of citizenship and citizenship education seeks to prepare South African learners to? Act locally but think globally. What are the components of Apartheid citizenship in South Africa? - The classification of South Africans into different race groups. - The denial of full civil, social or political rights for black people. - The establishment of the homeland system. The Restoration and extension of South African Citizenship Act (1993) included the following ? - South African citizenship for all. - Every South African citizen is entitled to enjoy all rights, privileges and benefits of South African citizenship. - Every South African should be subject to duties, obligations and responsibilities of being a citizen. Citizenship education in the United Kingdom is best described as? - A compulsory subject in the English National Curriculum from 1999. - Including community involvement. - Including political literacy. Citizenship in post- apartheid South Africa is best described as ? Promoting participatory democracy and promoting the necessary skills for active citizenship. The study of diversity include? - Learning about group differences in society. - The development of group and individual identity. The term "identity" within a sociology of education context means our social identities are? - Guided by factors such as gender, race, class, religion and disability. - Shaped by input of our families, the media, peers amd schools. According to conflict theorists a person's (or group's) identity is always formed within the context of? - Inequalities of society - Different opportunities for different individuals and groups inn society Social Stratification is? A process of categorising people according to their ranks within the family and society. Gender is best described as? The social process of developing masculine and feminine traits The social construction of race? - Entails an understanding of race as being socially constructed. - Emphasises historical, cultural and economic factors, as well as the physical characteristics of people. - Encompasses the idea that people are assigned to different racial categories because of opinion and social experience. Macro-sociological - The "bigger" picture of society. - Take a "macro" perspective, you are looking at for e.g. large groups on society such as the working class or middle class. - Another e.g. is gender: you are taking a macro approach by examining the gender roles of boys and girls in schools and society. - Functionalism and conflict theory are associated with this approach. Micro-sociological - Are concerned with "smaller" groups and the interactions between individuals or small groups in society. - E.g. The relationship and interaction between the teacher and the learners in a classroom or the interaction between parents and the principal of a school. - This approach is associated with the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism. Socialization - It takes place in the family and the school and is identified with how children are taught, their roles in society, and how they fit into society. When children are socialising they learn about ? - The culture of their community - They learn about norms and values. - E.g. Learners at school are socialised into being punctual because of the time table and the school rules which set out when schools start and end. Transmission of culture - How culture rules & morals are passed on to children by their families and communities. - Also associated with tradition. - E.g. different cultures in South Africa are often identified by their language; how they dress. - Schools can also have a dominant culture which could mean that some less powerful groups in the schools are marginalised. Social class - is about the different classes in society - in S.A we have main social classes: Working and middle class. - e.g. middle class learners are more privileged than working class learners. - this is because middle class parents can afford to send their children to better equipped schools. The issue of social class is often associated with? - Conflict theory. A Functionalist sees identity as? - being a product of socialisation. - socialisation helps people in society internalise rules, norms and values. - once these rules have been internalised, society will function better because people will work towards the common good of broader society. A Conflict theorist sees identity as? - people are products of the class inequalities in society and it is the context of class inequality that shapes people's identities. - are concerned with group identity rather than individual differences. A Symbolic interactionist sees identity as? - formed by society - focus is on how identity is formed by our interactions with other individuals or groups, - identity is constantly shifting and changing depending on our social environments and who we interact with. - childhood is constructed through interactions with significant people (parents) as well as the child's environment. Social class definition - how society is divided into different classes such as working and middle class. - classes share common economic resources. - there are divisions between the classes and inequalities of wealth. - is fluid, so one can shift from one class to another. Gender definition - refers to the different qualities of being a woman or man. - these qualities are socially defined and created through socialisation and cultural expectations. - sociologist sees gender as a social fact and not as biological. Race definition - has a genetic component - sociologist sees it as social construct because race refers to how a group is defined socially. - they look at how the group is defined by historical, cultural and economic factors. Access to education - is dependent on race, class and gender. - children from privileged families have access to better equipped, fee paying schools. - children less privileged often go to under resourced schools, so their access to schooling depends on the financial situation of their parents. Democracy - is a political system in which citizens are supposed to participate in decision making and running affairs in their group, community or their nation state. Ancient concepts of democracy - citizenship includes status, a sense of belonging and active participation in public affairs. - meant citizens were exercising their agency. Modern concepts of democracy - personal and public dimensions of citizenship are not mutually exclusive but are reciprocal (give and take). - are inclusive and so not exclude woman or slaves nor do they exclude people based on their race as in apartheid South Africa. - can be representational or they can be active and participatory. soft notion of community participation - entails that learners rely on the school curriculum to learn about citizenship education. - it is a more passive way to learn about the topic - so citizenship is taught. hard notion of community participation - refers to learning by doing and creating opportunities to learn about citizenship in school but also outside of the school walls. - citizenship is caught not taught.