, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Table of Contents
DEFINITION..................................................................................................................................................1
Organization of living Systems.....................................................................................................................1
Homeostasis................................................................................................................................................2
Anatomic Terminology................................................................................................................................3
Chemical Reactions in Metabolic Processes................................................................................................4
Metabolism Characteristics.........................................................................................................................5
THE CELL......................................................................................................................................................7
Cell Junctions...............................................................................................................................................8
Movement of Substances............................................................................................................................9
Cell Division...............................................................................................................................................10
DNA Replication.........................................................................................................................................12
Mutations..................................................................................................................................................13
Protein Synthesis.......................................................................................................................................14
The Cell and Its Membrane........................................................................................................................15
TISSUES......................................................................................................................................................17
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.................................................................................................................19
Epidermis...................................................................................................................................................19
The Dermis.................................................................................................................................................20
The hypodermis.........................................................................................................................................21
Accessory Organs of the Skin.....................................................................................................................21
BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES..................................................................................................................23
Bone structure...........................................................................................................................................23
Bone Development....................................................................................................................................25
Bone growth..............................................................................................................................................25
Functions of bone......................................................................................................................................26
Types of Bones...........................................................................................................................................27
Bones Homeostasis....................................................................................................................................27
Surface Features of Bones.........................................................................................................................28
I
,THE SKELETAL SYSTEM...............................................................................................................................30
Hyoid bone................................................................................................................................................30
Vertebral Column......................................................................................................................................31
Organization of the Skeleton.....................................................................................................................32
Skull: Cranium and Facial Bones................................................................................................................33
Thorax........................................................................................................................................................35
Pectoral Girdle...........................................................................................................................................37
Upper Limb................................................................................................................................................38
Pelvic Girdle...............................................................................................................................................39
Lower Limb................................................................................................................................................41
ARTICULATIONS.........................................................................................................................................43
MUSCLE TISSUE.........................................................................................................................................45
Connective Tissue Associated with Muscle Tissue.....................................................................................45
Structure of Skeletal Muscle......................................................................................................................46
Muscle Contraction....................................................................................................................................47
Phases of a muscle contraction.................................................................................................................48
Types of muscles........................................................................................................................................49
Muscle metabolism...................................................................................................................................50
Structure of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle..................................................................................................50
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM............................................................................................................................52
Names of skeletal muscles.........................................................................................................................53
Muscle Size and Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles....................................................................................54
Major Skeletal Muscles..............................................................................................................................55
Skeletal Muscle Actions.............................................................................................................................58
NERVOUS TISSUE.......................................................................................................................................59
Myelination................................................................................................................................................61
Transmission of Nerve Impulses................................................................................................................61
Neurons.....................................................................................................................................................62
The Synapse...............................................................................................................................................64
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM..............................................................................................................................65
Nervous System Terminology....................................................................................................................65
The Brain...................................................................................................................................................66
II
, The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid.....................................................................................................67
Nervous System Organization....................................................................................................................68
The Meninges............................................................................................................................................69
THE SENSORY SYSTEM...............................................................................................................................70
The Somatic Senses...................................................................................................................................70
Vision.........................................................................................................................................................71
Hearing......................................................................................................................................................72
Sensory Receptors.....................................................................................................................................73
Equilibrium................................................................................................................................................74
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................76
Endocrine organs and tissues....................................................................................................................76
Antagonistic Hormones.............................................................................................................................77
Hormones..................................................................................................................................................78
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands....................................................................................................78
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM........................................................................................................................80
Blood formation.........................................................................................................................................80
Hemostasis................................................................................................................................................80
Blood groups..............................................................................................................................................81
Functions of the cardiovascular system.....................................................................................................82
The blood...................................................................................................................................................83
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................84
Lymphatic vessels......................................................................................................................................84
Lymphoid cells...........................................................................................................................................85
Lymphatic tissues and organs....................................................................................................................86
Lymphatic system components.................................................................................................................86
The immune system and other body defences..........................................................................................87
Nonspecific barriers...................................................................................................................................88
Nonspecific defenses.................................................................................................................................88
Specific defense (The Immune System).....................................................................................................89
Protecting your body.................................................................................................................................90
Major Histocompatibility Complex............................................................................................................91
Lymphocytes..............................................................................................................................................91
III
Table of Contents
DEFINITION..................................................................................................................................................1
Organization of living Systems.....................................................................................................................1
Homeostasis................................................................................................................................................2
Anatomic Terminology................................................................................................................................3
Chemical Reactions in Metabolic Processes................................................................................................4
Metabolism Characteristics.........................................................................................................................5
THE CELL......................................................................................................................................................7
Cell Junctions...............................................................................................................................................8
Movement of Substances............................................................................................................................9
Cell Division...............................................................................................................................................10
DNA Replication.........................................................................................................................................12
Mutations..................................................................................................................................................13
Protein Synthesis.......................................................................................................................................14
The Cell and Its Membrane........................................................................................................................15
TISSUES......................................................................................................................................................17
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.................................................................................................................19
Epidermis...................................................................................................................................................19
The Dermis.................................................................................................................................................20
The hypodermis.........................................................................................................................................21
Accessory Organs of the Skin.....................................................................................................................21
BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES..................................................................................................................23
Bone structure...........................................................................................................................................23
Bone Development....................................................................................................................................25
Bone growth..............................................................................................................................................25
Functions of bone......................................................................................................................................26
Types of Bones...........................................................................................................................................27
Bones Homeostasis....................................................................................................................................27
Surface Features of Bones.........................................................................................................................28
I
,THE SKELETAL SYSTEM...............................................................................................................................30
Hyoid bone................................................................................................................................................30
Vertebral Column......................................................................................................................................31
Organization of the Skeleton.....................................................................................................................32
Skull: Cranium and Facial Bones................................................................................................................33
Thorax........................................................................................................................................................35
Pectoral Girdle...........................................................................................................................................37
Upper Limb................................................................................................................................................38
Pelvic Girdle...............................................................................................................................................39
Lower Limb................................................................................................................................................41
ARTICULATIONS.........................................................................................................................................43
MUSCLE TISSUE.........................................................................................................................................45
Connective Tissue Associated with Muscle Tissue.....................................................................................45
Structure of Skeletal Muscle......................................................................................................................46
Muscle Contraction....................................................................................................................................47
Phases of a muscle contraction.................................................................................................................48
Types of muscles........................................................................................................................................49
Muscle metabolism...................................................................................................................................50
Structure of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle..................................................................................................50
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM............................................................................................................................52
Names of skeletal muscles.........................................................................................................................53
Muscle Size and Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles....................................................................................54
Major Skeletal Muscles..............................................................................................................................55
Skeletal Muscle Actions.............................................................................................................................58
NERVOUS TISSUE.......................................................................................................................................59
Myelination................................................................................................................................................61
Transmission of Nerve Impulses................................................................................................................61
Neurons.....................................................................................................................................................62
The Synapse...............................................................................................................................................64
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM..............................................................................................................................65
Nervous System Terminology....................................................................................................................65
The Brain...................................................................................................................................................66
II
, The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid.....................................................................................................67
Nervous System Organization....................................................................................................................68
The Meninges............................................................................................................................................69
THE SENSORY SYSTEM...............................................................................................................................70
The Somatic Senses...................................................................................................................................70
Vision.........................................................................................................................................................71
Hearing......................................................................................................................................................72
Sensory Receptors.....................................................................................................................................73
Equilibrium................................................................................................................................................74
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................76
Endocrine organs and tissues....................................................................................................................76
Antagonistic Hormones.............................................................................................................................77
Hormones..................................................................................................................................................78
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands....................................................................................................78
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM........................................................................................................................80
Blood formation.........................................................................................................................................80
Hemostasis................................................................................................................................................80
Blood groups..............................................................................................................................................81
Functions of the cardiovascular system.....................................................................................................82
The blood...................................................................................................................................................83
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................84
Lymphatic vessels......................................................................................................................................84
Lymphoid cells...........................................................................................................................................85
Lymphatic tissues and organs....................................................................................................................86
Lymphatic system components.................................................................................................................86
The immune system and other body defences..........................................................................................87
Nonspecific barriers...................................................................................................................................88
Nonspecific defenses.................................................................................................................................88
Specific defense (The Immune System).....................................................................................................89
Protecting your body.................................................................................................................................90
Major Histocompatibility Complex............................................................................................................91
Lymphocytes..............................................................................................................................................91
III
