NR 283 Exam 1 Study Guide
UNIT 1
Cellular communication- when cells send and receive
messages to and from each other. These messages are in
the form of chemicals such as hormones and
neurotransmitters.
Cellular respiration- process that releases energy by
breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen.
Cell metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in the cell.
Cellular transport- movement of materials into and out of or
within a cell.
Necrosis- (tissue death) sum of all cellular changes after
local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion.
, Metaplasia- change in cell or tissue structure.
Reprogramming of stem cells and reversible replacement.
Atrophy- wasting away of a body organ or tissue,
progressive decline or failure. ( older population)
Hyperplasia- Abnormal increase in the number of cells (liver,
kidneys, alcoholism) ( hormonal hyperplasia in pregnancy)
Dysplasia- abnormal development of growth of cells, tissues,
or organs. ( pap-smear)
Injury- damage or destruction of cells that compose a
tissue, cell, or organs
Asphyxial injury- caused by failure of celss to receive or
effectively use of oxygen. ( choking, strangulation,
drowning)
Reperfusion injury- a form of hypoxic cell injury, caused by a
rush of oxygen coming back and generating free radicals
Contusion- bruise
Hematoma- swelling filled w/ blood
, Abrasion- scrape of the skin
Blunt- force- trauma- tearing, shearing, or crushing of
tissues
Hypoxia- an insufficiency of oxygen in the body’s tissues
( most common)
Etiology- study of the cause of disease
Pathogenesis- pattern of tissue changes associated w/
development of disease
Iatrogenic- disease caused by a medical treatment
Eukaryote- cell of higher animal and plants, many
chromosomes
Prokaryotes- single- cell, one chromosomes
Diagnosis- identifying/ naming the disease
Prognosis- expected outcome of a disease
, Acute- sudden onset and shout course
Chronic – slowly develops (at least 4 months)
Remission- symptoms relieved for a short time
Exacerbation- symptoms become worse
Cellular differentiation- process by which a cell becomes
specialized in order to perform a specific function( liver cell,
blood cell, neuron)
Hypertrophy- abnormal enlargement of cells. (pregnancy,
pathogenic)
Ischemia- a condition in which the supply of blood is
severely reduced
Anoxia- absence of oxygen
Apoptosis- type of cell death in which cell use specialized
cellular machinery to kill itself
Somatic death- death of an entire person
UNIT 1
Cellular communication- when cells send and receive
messages to and from each other. These messages are in
the form of chemicals such as hormones and
neurotransmitters.
Cellular respiration- process that releases energy by
breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen.
Cell metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in the cell.
Cellular transport- movement of materials into and out of or
within a cell.
Necrosis- (tissue death) sum of all cellular changes after
local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion.
, Metaplasia- change in cell or tissue structure.
Reprogramming of stem cells and reversible replacement.
Atrophy- wasting away of a body organ or tissue,
progressive decline or failure. ( older population)
Hyperplasia- Abnormal increase in the number of cells (liver,
kidneys, alcoholism) ( hormonal hyperplasia in pregnancy)
Dysplasia- abnormal development of growth of cells, tissues,
or organs. ( pap-smear)
Injury- damage or destruction of cells that compose a
tissue, cell, or organs
Asphyxial injury- caused by failure of celss to receive or
effectively use of oxygen. ( choking, strangulation,
drowning)
Reperfusion injury- a form of hypoxic cell injury, caused by a
rush of oxygen coming back and generating free radicals
Contusion- bruise
Hematoma- swelling filled w/ blood
, Abrasion- scrape of the skin
Blunt- force- trauma- tearing, shearing, or crushing of
tissues
Hypoxia- an insufficiency of oxygen in the body’s tissues
( most common)
Etiology- study of the cause of disease
Pathogenesis- pattern of tissue changes associated w/
development of disease
Iatrogenic- disease caused by a medical treatment
Eukaryote- cell of higher animal and plants, many
chromosomes
Prokaryotes- single- cell, one chromosomes
Diagnosis- identifying/ naming the disease
Prognosis- expected outcome of a disease
, Acute- sudden onset and shout course
Chronic – slowly develops (at least 4 months)
Remission- symptoms relieved for a short time
Exacerbation- symptoms become worse
Cellular differentiation- process by which a cell becomes
specialized in order to perform a specific function( liver cell,
blood cell, neuron)
Hypertrophy- abnormal enlargement of cells. (pregnancy,
pathogenic)
Ischemia- a condition in which the supply of blood is
severely reduced
Anoxia- absence of oxygen
Apoptosis- type of cell death in which cell use specialized
cellular machinery to kill itself
Somatic death- death of an entire person
