SAMENVATTING: MENSELIJKE EN BIOLOGISCHE ZIEKTELEER
HOOFDSTUK 1: The Chemistry of Living Things
1.1 all Matter consists of elements
1.2 Atoms combine to form molecules
1.3 Life depends on water
1.4 The importance of hydrogens ions
1.5 The organic molecules of living organisms
1.6 Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support
1.7 Lipids: insoluble in water
1.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids
1.9 Nucleic acids sore genetic information
1.10 ATP carries energy
HOOFDSTUK 2: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CELLS
2.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization
2.2 Cells structure reflects cell functions
2.3 Internal structures carry out specific functions
2.4 Cells have structures for support and movement
2.5 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell
2.6 Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways
2.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy
HOOFDSTUK 3: FROM CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS
3.1 Tissues are groups of cells with a common function
3.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities
3.3 Connective tissue supports and connects body parts
3.4 Muscle tissues contract to produce movement
3.5 Nervous tissue transmits impulses
3.6 Organs and organ systems perform complex functions
3.7 The skin as an organ system
3.8 Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis
HOOFDSTUK 4: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
4.1 The skeletal system consists of connective tissue
4.2 Bones develop from cartilage
4.3 Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair
4.4 Bones fit together to from skeleton
4.5 Joints form connections between bones
4.6 Diseases and disorders of skeletal system
HOOFDSTUK 5: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
5.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension
5.2 individual muscle cells contract and relax
5.3 Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance
5.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features
5.5 diseases and disorders of the muscular system
,HOOFDSTUK 6: BLOOD
6.1 The composition and functions of blood
6.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss
6.3 Human blood types
6.4 Blood substitutes
6.5 blood disorders
HOOFDSTUK 7: HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
7.1 Blood vessels transport blood
7.2 The heart pumps blood trough the vessels
7.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls
7.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated
7.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue
7.6 Replacing a failing heart
7.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease
HOOFDSTUK 8: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE
8.1 Pathogens cause disease
8.2 The lymphatic system defends the body
8.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense
8.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense
8.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense
8.6 Immune memory creates immunity
8.7 Medical assistance in the war against pathogens
8.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge
8.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems
8.10 immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS
HOOFDSTUK 9: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE OF GASES
9.1 respiration takes place throughout the body
9.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts
9.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient
9.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively
9.5 The nervous system regulates breathing
9.6 disorders of the respiratory system
, SAMENVATTING: MENSELIJKE EN BIOLOGISCHE ZIEKTELEER
HOOFDSTUK 1: The Chemistry of Living Things
1.1 all Matter consists of elements
/
1.2 Atoms combine to form molecules
/
1.3 Life depends on water
o no molecule is more essential to life than water = 60% of our bodyweight
o properties of water:
1. Excellent solvent
2. Liquid at body temperature
3. Can absorb and hold heat energy
4. Evaporation (verdamping) of water uses op heat energy zweten
5. Water participates in essential chemical reactions
1.3.1 Water is the biological solvent:
o solvent= a liquid witch other substances dissolve
water is the ideal solvent in living organisms because it is a polar liquid at body
temperature.
Bv sodium chloride (NACL) water keeps the ions dissolved
o solute= any dissolved substance
o Hydrophilic= polar molecules that are attracted to water and interacts easily
o hydrophobic= nonpolar, neutral molecules do not interact easily with water and will not dissolve in it.
1.3.2 Water is liquid at body temperature:
o Between 0 and 100 degrees= this temperature range because there is just enough heat energy in
water to break weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
below 0 there no longer enough heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds, they orient themselves
into a stable, unchanging, rigid lattice structure.
above the 100 all hydrogens bonds are completely broken and escape into the atmosphere as gas
o Excellent for transporting solutes
transport is the primary function of blood
o Water is the main constituent of all liquids
1. It fills our cells
2. It occupies the spaces between cells
3. Fills the fluid-filled not occupies by living cells
1.3.3 Water helps regulate the body temperature
o Water can absorb and hold a large amount of heat energy.
it prevents rapid changes in body temperature when changes occur in metabolism or in the
environment
o Our bodies generate heat during metabolism
so being able to lose heat is important for a constant body temperature
sweat from the surface of our bodies
1.3.4 water participates in chemical reactions
o Involved in many of the chemical reactions
, 1.4 The importance of hydrogens ions
Hydrogen= most important ions in our body
1.4.1 Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept them
o Bond between hydrogen and oxygen are strong
it can break the electron from one hydrogen atom is transferred to the oxygen atom water
molecule breaks into two ions
o Acid molecule= is any molecule that can donate an acidic solution and H+ ion.
added to pure water= an acidic solution (higher H+ concentration than pure water)
o Base molecule= is any molecule that can accept an H+ ion.
added to pure water= an alkaline solution (lower H+ concentration than pure water)
Opposite effects on the H+ concentration of solution neutralize each other
1.4.2 The Ph scale express hydrogen ion concentration
o Scientists use the Ph scale to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
o Ph scale = measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
scale ranges from 0 tot 14
1. Pure water= 7 neutral point (ion concentration of 10-7 moles/liter)
2. Acidic solution= pH less than 7 (bv Ph of 5= H+ concentration of 10 -5 moles/liter)
3. Basic solution= pH greater than 7 (bv pH of 9= H+ concentration of 10 -9 moles/liter)
o pH of blood= 7,4 more alkaline than neutral water
o changes in the pH of body fluids can affect how molecules are transported across the cell membrane
and how rapidly certain chemical reactions occur.
a change in hydrogen ion concentration can be dangerous because it threatens homeostasis!!
1.4.3 Buffer minimizes changes in Ph
o Buffer= is any substance that tends to minimize the changes in pH that might otherwise occur when an
acid or base is added to a solution.
essential for homeostasis of pH in body fluids
o When an acid is added and the number of H+ ions increase, the base form of the buffer pair accepts
some of the H+ ions
minimizing the fall in pH that might otherwise occur
o When a base is added that might take up too many H+ ions, the acid form of the buffer pair releases
additional H+ ions
minimizing the rise in pH that might otherwise occur
o Bicarbonate and carbonic acids = one of the most important buffer pairs in body fluids
when blood becomes too acidic bicarbonate accepts H+
o The more buffers that are present in a body fluid, the more stable the pH
1.5 The organic molecules of living organisms
Organic molecules= molecules that contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds
1.5.1 Carbon is the common building block of organic molecules
o Carbon is relatively rare in the natural world. (Less 0,03%)
organisms actively accumulate it 18% of body weight in humans
o Carbons= building block of all organic molecules
many ways it can form strong covalent bonds with other atoms
o In addition to their complexity, there is almost no limit to the size of organic molecules derived from
carbon.
macromolecules: thousands or even millions of smaller molecules
1.5.2 Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell
o dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction= Macromolecules are built within the cell itself.
subunits are joined by covalent bonds
HOOFDSTUK 1: The Chemistry of Living Things
1.1 all Matter consists of elements
1.2 Atoms combine to form molecules
1.3 Life depends on water
1.4 The importance of hydrogens ions
1.5 The organic molecules of living organisms
1.6 Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support
1.7 Lipids: insoluble in water
1.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids
1.9 Nucleic acids sore genetic information
1.10 ATP carries energy
HOOFDSTUK 2: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CELLS
2.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization
2.2 Cells structure reflects cell functions
2.3 Internal structures carry out specific functions
2.4 Cells have structures for support and movement
2.5 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell
2.6 Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways
2.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy
HOOFDSTUK 3: FROM CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS
3.1 Tissues are groups of cells with a common function
3.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities
3.3 Connective tissue supports and connects body parts
3.4 Muscle tissues contract to produce movement
3.5 Nervous tissue transmits impulses
3.6 Organs and organ systems perform complex functions
3.7 The skin as an organ system
3.8 Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis
HOOFDSTUK 4: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
4.1 The skeletal system consists of connective tissue
4.2 Bones develop from cartilage
4.3 Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair
4.4 Bones fit together to from skeleton
4.5 Joints form connections between bones
4.6 Diseases and disorders of skeletal system
HOOFDSTUK 5: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
5.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension
5.2 individual muscle cells contract and relax
5.3 Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance
5.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features
5.5 diseases and disorders of the muscular system
,HOOFDSTUK 6: BLOOD
6.1 The composition and functions of blood
6.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss
6.3 Human blood types
6.4 Blood substitutes
6.5 blood disorders
HOOFDSTUK 7: HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
7.1 Blood vessels transport blood
7.2 The heart pumps blood trough the vessels
7.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls
7.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated
7.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue
7.6 Replacing a failing heart
7.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease
HOOFDSTUK 8: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE
8.1 Pathogens cause disease
8.2 The lymphatic system defends the body
8.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense
8.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense
8.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense
8.6 Immune memory creates immunity
8.7 Medical assistance in the war against pathogens
8.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge
8.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems
8.10 immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS
HOOFDSTUK 9: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE OF GASES
9.1 respiration takes place throughout the body
9.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts
9.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient
9.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively
9.5 The nervous system regulates breathing
9.6 disorders of the respiratory system
, SAMENVATTING: MENSELIJKE EN BIOLOGISCHE ZIEKTELEER
HOOFDSTUK 1: The Chemistry of Living Things
1.1 all Matter consists of elements
/
1.2 Atoms combine to form molecules
/
1.3 Life depends on water
o no molecule is more essential to life than water = 60% of our bodyweight
o properties of water:
1. Excellent solvent
2. Liquid at body temperature
3. Can absorb and hold heat energy
4. Evaporation (verdamping) of water uses op heat energy zweten
5. Water participates in essential chemical reactions
1.3.1 Water is the biological solvent:
o solvent= a liquid witch other substances dissolve
water is the ideal solvent in living organisms because it is a polar liquid at body
temperature.
Bv sodium chloride (NACL) water keeps the ions dissolved
o solute= any dissolved substance
o Hydrophilic= polar molecules that are attracted to water and interacts easily
o hydrophobic= nonpolar, neutral molecules do not interact easily with water and will not dissolve in it.
1.3.2 Water is liquid at body temperature:
o Between 0 and 100 degrees= this temperature range because there is just enough heat energy in
water to break weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
below 0 there no longer enough heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds, they orient themselves
into a stable, unchanging, rigid lattice structure.
above the 100 all hydrogens bonds are completely broken and escape into the atmosphere as gas
o Excellent for transporting solutes
transport is the primary function of blood
o Water is the main constituent of all liquids
1. It fills our cells
2. It occupies the spaces between cells
3. Fills the fluid-filled not occupies by living cells
1.3.3 Water helps regulate the body temperature
o Water can absorb and hold a large amount of heat energy.
it prevents rapid changes in body temperature when changes occur in metabolism or in the
environment
o Our bodies generate heat during metabolism
so being able to lose heat is important for a constant body temperature
sweat from the surface of our bodies
1.3.4 water participates in chemical reactions
o Involved in many of the chemical reactions
, 1.4 The importance of hydrogens ions
Hydrogen= most important ions in our body
1.4.1 Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept them
o Bond between hydrogen and oxygen are strong
it can break the electron from one hydrogen atom is transferred to the oxygen atom water
molecule breaks into two ions
o Acid molecule= is any molecule that can donate an acidic solution and H+ ion.
added to pure water= an acidic solution (higher H+ concentration than pure water)
o Base molecule= is any molecule that can accept an H+ ion.
added to pure water= an alkaline solution (lower H+ concentration than pure water)
Opposite effects on the H+ concentration of solution neutralize each other
1.4.2 The Ph scale express hydrogen ion concentration
o Scientists use the Ph scale to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
o Ph scale = measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
scale ranges from 0 tot 14
1. Pure water= 7 neutral point (ion concentration of 10-7 moles/liter)
2. Acidic solution= pH less than 7 (bv Ph of 5= H+ concentration of 10 -5 moles/liter)
3. Basic solution= pH greater than 7 (bv pH of 9= H+ concentration of 10 -9 moles/liter)
o pH of blood= 7,4 more alkaline than neutral water
o changes in the pH of body fluids can affect how molecules are transported across the cell membrane
and how rapidly certain chemical reactions occur.
a change in hydrogen ion concentration can be dangerous because it threatens homeostasis!!
1.4.3 Buffer minimizes changes in Ph
o Buffer= is any substance that tends to minimize the changes in pH that might otherwise occur when an
acid or base is added to a solution.
essential for homeostasis of pH in body fluids
o When an acid is added and the number of H+ ions increase, the base form of the buffer pair accepts
some of the H+ ions
minimizing the fall in pH that might otherwise occur
o When a base is added that might take up too many H+ ions, the acid form of the buffer pair releases
additional H+ ions
minimizing the rise in pH that might otherwise occur
o Bicarbonate and carbonic acids = one of the most important buffer pairs in body fluids
when blood becomes too acidic bicarbonate accepts H+
o The more buffers that are present in a body fluid, the more stable the pH
1.5 The organic molecules of living organisms
Organic molecules= molecules that contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds
1.5.1 Carbon is the common building block of organic molecules
o Carbon is relatively rare in the natural world. (Less 0,03%)
organisms actively accumulate it 18% of body weight in humans
o Carbons= building block of all organic molecules
many ways it can form strong covalent bonds with other atoms
o In addition to their complexity, there is almost no limit to the size of organic molecules derived from
carbon.
macromolecules: thousands or even millions of smaller molecules
1.5.2 Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell
o dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction= Macromolecules are built within the cell itself.
subunits are joined by covalent bonds
