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Summary Physics A - Quantum Mechanics, 2008 Revision Notes

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Work at MIT Quantum Mechanics II (8.05): review notes for the final exam.

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Quantum Mechanics
Revision Notes

C.R.D. Guetta

April 7, 2008

,2

,Contents

1 Failure of Classical Physics 7
1.1 Waves are particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Particles are waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Basics 11
2.1 Basic postulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Wavepackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Momentum Representation of a Wavepacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 The Dispersion Relation for a Wavepacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.4 Time Evolution of a general Wavepacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.5 Time evolution of a wavepacket representing a particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Probability current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Beams of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.1 Position representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.2 Momentum representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Practical stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 The Schrödinger Equation 15
3.1 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Stationary states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Solutions for Constant V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.1 Plane wave solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.2 Non-plane wave solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 The Wave Approach to QM 17
4.1 Unbound states – scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.1 Applications of tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Bound states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.1 The Infinite Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 The δ-function potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.3 Finite square well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.4 The 1D Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.5 Three Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 The Basic Postulates & Operators 21

3

, 4 CONTENTS

5.1 The Basic Postulates of QM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.1 Dirac notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.2 Properties of Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 Expectation values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 The Generalised Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4.1 Compatible Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4.2 Incompatible Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4.3 Conjugate Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4.4 Minimum Uncertainty States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.5 Examples of operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6 Ladder Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.6.1 The Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6 Time Dependence 27
6.1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Ehrenfest’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2.1 Classical limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 Conserved Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3.1 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.4 The Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7 3 Dimensions 29
7.1 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.2 Commutation relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8 Angular Momentum 31
8.1 Orbital Angular Momentum Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.2 Eigenstates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.3 Bits and bobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.4 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9 Spin 35
9.1 Experimental Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.3 Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.4 Spin in any direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5 Combining Orbital & Spin Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.2 The values of J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.5.3 Combined wavefunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.6 Conservation of total angular momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

10 Central Potentials 39
10.1 Conservation of angular momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
10.2 Quantum numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
10.3 Separation of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
10.4 Normalisation & Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
10.5 Practical tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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