Ichthyology (correct answers)
WHAT IS A FISH? correct answers Unique and derived features, sometimes difficult to
define. Generally...
- Ectothermic (poikilothermic) vertebrates
- Appendages as fins, not pentadactyl limbs
- Gills throughout life
- Live in water most of the time
Fish is not a taxonomic ranking, convenient description for a diverse group of org.
Polyphyletic group. Might as well be called the chordates.
Diversity of fishes correct answers : Of the 55,000 spp. vertebrates, 28,000 are fish.
More spp. than vert combined. (Small compared to arthropod spp.). Occupy many
different habitats and have huge variety of shapes and sizes; Indian Ocean goby
(~8mm) vs. Whale shark (12-20m)
Coelacanth, correct answers thought extinct, lobed fish precursor to terrestrial
tetrapods. In 1938, was caught in Africa. Verified in Cape Town, give birth to live young.
Conventions for discussing fish- correct answers Group of same species= group of
FISH, a group of fish with many spp. is called FISHES.
Systematic procedures- correct answers Taxonomy: science of classification. Describes
biodiversity, arranges into system of classification and keys. The fishes of Idaho- list of
spp. and life and geographical life histories; dichotomous key (work up a phylogenetic
tree).
Sculpin- correct answers AKA muddler, or blobs. Live in small streams in Idaho, or tide
pools in BC. Brownish, mottled, bottom dwelling. They are hard to identify, look
similarly. In lab we are going to identify different types of sculpin.
Systematics: correct answers Evo relationships, how certain characteristics change, we
can identify which are more closely related to each other. Is getting big with DNA
technology. Emphasize relationships btw higher taxa and spp, also can look at deeper
evo questions, lamp rays vs. mammals. Based on evolutionary spp., could be diff than
morpho spp.
cladistics, correct answers or phylogenetic systematics. Look @ characters, divides into
more recently derived traits (apomorphies) or ancestral traits (plesiomorphies)((all spp
have plesiomorphies, so that trait can't be used to separate them)). - Goal is to find
shared derived traits (synapomorphies) and to group them into monophy groups or
clades
- Can be symplesiomorphies or autapomorphies (think about what they are)
Categorizing groups of fishes can sometimes have errors. correct answers Look similar,
but convergent evo.
, - The louvar (looks like tuna, w/ big forehead), semi-lunate shaped tail, and finlettes.
Systematically is classified as a surgeon fishes- brightly colored, live close to shore in
coral reef, not in open-ocean.
Two other approaches to cladistics correct answers Phenetics or numerical taxonomy-
starts w/ taxonomic unit, compares synapomorphies
Evo phylogenetics- gene analysis
Taxonomic characters- correct answers looking at many different things, length
(standard: tip of snout to base of tail, fork length: tip of snout to fork of tail, total: tip of
shout to margins of tail). Sometimes tail gets eaten away (life stage, spawning, tuna stiff
fin rays, or something). Scientist choose the most reliable. , look @ finlettes presence
(reduce turbulence), size of head/ snout, size dorsal fin, # of rays.
Meristic vs. morphometric characters- correct answers mopho is continuous variables
(size of head, is continuous #, big or small fish), meristic has limited categories, count
data (# of fin rays in the caudal fin, # lateral line scales). Anatomical, behavioral data
(bird calls, time of spawning, courtship...), molecular data (or mitochondrial DNA)
Lateral line correct answers is hole in scale, goes to indention in skin, sensory scales,
fish sense pressure and movement
Vertibrate Classes: evo gaps are bigger btwn fish than in correct answers other
vertebrates, more ancient. Look at fish FAMILY (Oncorhynchus mykiss: salmonid Perca
flavescens percid. Uniform ending for order; -iformes, suborder; -oidei, family; -idea,
subfamily: -inae, tribe: -ini
Common names correct answers decided by American Fisheries society. King salmon
vs. Chinook salmon= official. Coho vs. silver. Common names are not capitalized,
except for when it is a part of a common noun, but AFS is going to capitalize.
International code of zoological nomenclature- correct answers if two people
simultaneously identify species: principle of priority, type of spp. and holotype (the
museum copy of the original species, fixed in formalin, put in isopropyl alcohol or
ethanol). - Example: rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri was changed to Oncorhynchus
mykiss. There are rainbow trout in Russia and the West Coast. Combined the two
names in unusual way because of priority and also reclassifying to correct genetic
based genus.
Collections correct answers (depository) in Idaho Museum of Natural History, the
Smithsonian... Also digital collections.
- Holotype (specimen new spp. is based on) in museum
In SE Idaho sculpin correct answers is only supposed to have 2 spp of sculpin, but there
is a bear lake sculpin as well.
WHAT IS A FISH? correct answers Unique and derived features, sometimes difficult to
define. Generally...
- Ectothermic (poikilothermic) vertebrates
- Appendages as fins, not pentadactyl limbs
- Gills throughout life
- Live in water most of the time
Fish is not a taxonomic ranking, convenient description for a diverse group of org.
Polyphyletic group. Might as well be called the chordates.
Diversity of fishes correct answers : Of the 55,000 spp. vertebrates, 28,000 are fish.
More spp. than vert combined. (Small compared to arthropod spp.). Occupy many
different habitats and have huge variety of shapes and sizes; Indian Ocean goby
(~8mm) vs. Whale shark (12-20m)
Coelacanth, correct answers thought extinct, lobed fish precursor to terrestrial
tetrapods. In 1938, was caught in Africa. Verified in Cape Town, give birth to live young.
Conventions for discussing fish- correct answers Group of same species= group of
FISH, a group of fish with many spp. is called FISHES.
Systematic procedures- correct answers Taxonomy: science of classification. Describes
biodiversity, arranges into system of classification and keys. The fishes of Idaho- list of
spp. and life and geographical life histories; dichotomous key (work up a phylogenetic
tree).
Sculpin- correct answers AKA muddler, or blobs. Live in small streams in Idaho, or tide
pools in BC. Brownish, mottled, bottom dwelling. They are hard to identify, look
similarly. In lab we are going to identify different types of sculpin.
Systematics: correct answers Evo relationships, how certain characteristics change, we
can identify which are more closely related to each other. Is getting big with DNA
technology. Emphasize relationships btw higher taxa and spp, also can look at deeper
evo questions, lamp rays vs. mammals. Based on evolutionary spp., could be diff than
morpho spp.
cladistics, correct answers or phylogenetic systematics. Look @ characters, divides into
more recently derived traits (apomorphies) or ancestral traits (plesiomorphies)((all spp
have plesiomorphies, so that trait can't be used to separate them)). - Goal is to find
shared derived traits (synapomorphies) and to group them into monophy groups or
clades
- Can be symplesiomorphies or autapomorphies (think about what they are)
Categorizing groups of fishes can sometimes have errors. correct answers Look similar,
but convergent evo.
, - The louvar (looks like tuna, w/ big forehead), semi-lunate shaped tail, and finlettes.
Systematically is classified as a surgeon fishes- brightly colored, live close to shore in
coral reef, not in open-ocean.
Two other approaches to cladistics correct answers Phenetics or numerical taxonomy-
starts w/ taxonomic unit, compares synapomorphies
Evo phylogenetics- gene analysis
Taxonomic characters- correct answers looking at many different things, length
(standard: tip of snout to base of tail, fork length: tip of snout to fork of tail, total: tip of
shout to margins of tail). Sometimes tail gets eaten away (life stage, spawning, tuna stiff
fin rays, or something). Scientist choose the most reliable. , look @ finlettes presence
(reduce turbulence), size of head/ snout, size dorsal fin, # of rays.
Meristic vs. morphometric characters- correct answers mopho is continuous variables
(size of head, is continuous #, big or small fish), meristic has limited categories, count
data (# of fin rays in the caudal fin, # lateral line scales). Anatomical, behavioral data
(bird calls, time of spawning, courtship...), molecular data (or mitochondrial DNA)
Lateral line correct answers is hole in scale, goes to indention in skin, sensory scales,
fish sense pressure and movement
Vertibrate Classes: evo gaps are bigger btwn fish than in correct answers other
vertebrates, more ancient. Look at fish FAMILY (Oncorhynchus mykiss: salmonid Perca
flavescens percid. Uniform ending for order; -iformes, suborder; -oidei, family; -idea,
subfamily: -inae, tribe: -ini
Common names correct answers decided by American Fisheries society. King salmon
vs. Chinook salmon= official. Coho vs. silver. Common names are not capitalized,
except for when it is a part of a common noun, but AFS is going to capitalize.
International code of zoological nomenclature- correct answers if two people
simultaneously identify species: principle of priority, type of spp. and holotype (the
museum copy of the original species, fixed in formalin, put in isopropyl alcohol or
ethanol). - Example: rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri was changed to Oncorhynchus
mykiss. There are rainbow trout in Russia and the West Coast. Combined the two
names in unusual way because of priority and also reclassifying to correct genetic
based genus.
Collections correct answers (depository) in Idaho Museum of Natural History, the
Smithsonian... Also digital collections.
- Holotype (specimen new spp. is based on) in museum
In SE Idaho sculpin correct answers is only supposed to have 2 spp of sculpin, but there
is a bear lake sculpin as well.
