Samenvatting TOE
Inhoud
Correlationeel: Surveys (HC1)................................................................................................................4
Doelen van onderzoek.......................................................................................................................4
Survey modes....................................................................................................................................4
Cross-sectional and panel surveys.....................................................................................................5
Operationalisatie...............................................................................................................................5
Creëren van een variabele/schaalscore.........................................................................................5
SPSS en frequentietabellen....................................................................................................................6
Basisbegrippen (Grasple C0)..............................................................................................................6
Frequentietabellen in SPSS (Grasple c1a-c1g)....................................................................................6
Correlatietoets in SPSS (Grasple C2f).............................................................................................7
Correlationeel: Betrouwbaarheid en introductie tot regressie (HC2)....................................................7
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse.................................................................................................................7
NHST (Null Hypothesis Significance Testing)......................................................................................7
Regressieanalyse................................................................................................................................7
Correlationeel: Regressie (HC3).............................................................................................................9
Single Linear Regression (SLR)...........................................................................................................9
Coefficients....................................................................................................................................9
Voorwaarden van lineaire regressie modellen..............................................................................9
Multiple lineaire regressie...............................................................................................................10
Output: de gestandaardiseerde regressiecoëfficiënten...............................................................10
Significantie testen in MLR...........................................................................................................10
Regressieanalyse in SPSS (Grasple C2F en C2G)...............................................................................10
Correlationeel: Measurement & bias (HC4).........................................................................................12
Problemen van meetmethoden.......................................................................................................12
Responsproces.............................................................................................................................12
Fouten in metingen en representatie: Total survey error framework.............................................13
Representatie van de doelpopulatie en dekking (target population & coverage).......................13
Fouten in het meetproces (ook grasple C2a)...............................................................................14
Experimenteel: Bayesiaanse Statistiek en Design overwegingen (HC1)...............................................16
Eigentijdse empirische cirkel............................................................................................................16
Begrippen uit Null Hypothesis testing (herhaling van KOM)............................................................16
, Replicatiecrisis.................................................................................................................................16
Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie....................................................................................................17
Bedreigingen voor interne validiteit (ook Grasple E1f)....................................................................17
Experimenteel: Eenweg ANOVA (HC2)................................................................................................18
Bayesiaanse ANOVA........................................................................................................................20
Samenvatting eenweg ANOVA.........................................................................................................20
Tweeweg designs.............................................................................................................................20
Experimenteel: Tweeweg ANOVA (HC3)..............................................................................................21
Quasi-experimentele Design............................................................................................................21
Hoofdeffecten en interactie-effecten..............................................................................................21
Quasi-experiment met random factoren.....................................................................................22
Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie....................................................................................................23
Meerdere informatieve hypotheses............................................................................................23
Één informatieve hypothese en complement (inter-actie...........................................................23
Tweeweg ANOVA (in JASP)..........................................................................................................23
Bij niet overtuigende resultaten..................................................................................................23
HC4 Experimenteel: Model Aannames van de ANOVA........................................................................24
Pre-registratie en de modelaannames.............................................................................................25
Kwalitatief: dataverzameling (HC1).....................................................................................................26
Het kwalitatieve interview...............................................................................................................26
Focusgroepen..................................................................................................................................26
Groepssamenstelling en grootte..................................................................................................27
Fasen in focusgroep.....................................................................................................................27
Eliciteren en de topic list..................................................................................................................28
Observaties......................................................................................................................................28
Rol van de onderzoeker...............................................................................................................28
Wat te observeren?.....................................................................................................................29
Wanneer/waarom observaties?..................................................................................................29
Bestaande data................................................................................................................................29
Toegankelijkheid data..................................................................................................................29
Inhoud bestaande data: manifest vs. latent................................................................................29
Waarom bestaande data?............................................................................................................30
Data-triangulatie..............................................................................................................................30
Etnografisch onderzoek...................................................................................................................30
Kwalitatief: Data-analyse (HC2)...........................................................................................................31
Deductief en inductief coderen.......................................................................................................31
, Stappen kwalitatieve data analyse:.............................................................................................31
Type codes...................................................................................................................................31
Grounded Theory (Inductieve analyse)............................................................................................31
Grounded Theory benadering......................................................................................................32
Sensitizing concepts – een lens om naar data te kijken...................................................................32
Inductieve analyse (Grounded theory)............................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Open coderen.......................................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Axiaal coderen......................................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Selectief coderen..................................................................................................34
Theoretische saturatie.................................................................................................................34
Negative cases & theoretical sampling........................................................................................34
Categorisatiematrix (Deductieve analyse).......................................................................................34
Het proces van de categorisatiematrix........................................................................................35
Verschillende benaderingen van de categorisatiematrix.............................................................35
Kwalitatief: ‘Goed’ onderzoek (HC3)....................................................................................................37
Rigor/trustworthiness......................................................................................................................37
4 pijlers van kwaliteit van onderzoek (Guba, 1981).........................................................................37
Kritiek op kwalitatief onderzoek en verschillende perspectieven....................................................38
Reflexiviteit......................................................................................................................................38
Reflexiviteit inbouwen.................................................................................................................39
Perspectieven op ethiek..................................................................................................................39
Ethische kwesties – algemeen.....................................................................................................39
Ethische kwesties – Kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................................39
Afwegingen maken met behulp van verschillende perspectieven op ethiek...............................40
Kwalitatief: Mixed-methods & filosofie (HC4).....................................................................................40
Voor- en nadelen kwalitatief vs. kwantitatief:.............................................................................40
Meerwaarde van mixed methods t.o.v. simple designs...............................................................40
Integratie van kwalitatief en kwantitatief....................................................................................41
Soorten mixed methods onderzoek en notatie...............................................................................41
Criteria design..............................................................................................................................41
Criteria resultaten........................................................................................................................41
Uitdagingen mixed methods onderzoek......................................................................................42
Filosofie van onderzoek...................................................................................................................42
Verschillende soorten paradigmas...............................................................................................43
, Correlationeel: Surveys (HC1)
Verzamelen van data kan incidenteel of opzettelijk (purposively)
Correlationele data is designed.
Doelen van onderzoek
1. Description – beschrijven van de sociale werkelijkheid
2. Causation – bestuderen van causale relaties
3. Prediction – voorspellen (d.m.v. generaliseren naar de
doelpopulatie)
Survey modes
Face-to-face (ook CAPI – computer assisted personal interview)
Per post
Telefoon (CATI – computer assisted telephone interview)
Internet
Mixed-mode
(Relevante) verschillen:
Mate van betrokkenheid (involvement)
interviewer
Mate van interactie met de respondent
Mate van privacy
Communicatiekanalen (visueel/auditief)
Gebruik van technologie
In Nederland wordt vooral gebruik gemaakt
van mixed modes.
Mixed mode – De intergratie van kwalitatief en
kwantitatief onderzoek. (Meer bij kwalitatief)
Inhoud
Correlationeel: Surveys (HC1)................................................................................................................4
Doelen van onderzoek.......................................................................................................................4
Survey modes....................................................................................................................................4
Cross-sectional and panel surveys.....................................................................................................5
Operationalisatie...............................................................................................................................5
Creëren van een variabele/schaalscore.........................................................................................5
SPSS en frequentietabellen....................................................................................................................6
Basisbegrippen (Grasple C0)..............................................................................................................6
Frequentietabellen in SPSS (Grasple c1a-c1g)....................................................................................6
Correlatietoets in SPSS (Grasple C2f).............................................................................................7
Correlationeel: Betrouwbaarheid en introductie tot regressie (HC2)....................................................7
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse.................................................................................................................7
NHST (Null Hypothesis Significance Testing)......................................................................................7
Regressieanalyse................................................................................................................................7
Correlationeel: Regressie (HC3).............................................................................................................9
Single Linear Regression (SLR)...........................................................................................................9
Coefficients....................................................................................................................................9
Voorwaarden van lineaire regressie modellen..............................................................................9
Multiple lineaire regressie...............................................................................................................10
Output: de gestandaardiseerde regressiecoëfficiënten...............................................................10
Significantie testen in MLR...........................................................................................................10
Regressieanalyse in SPSS (Grasple C2F en C2G)...............................................................................10
Correlationeel: Measurement & bias (HC4).........................................................................................12
Problemen van meetmethoden.......................................................................................................12
Responsproces.............................................................................................................................12
Fouten in metingen en representatie: Total survey error framework.............................................13
Representatie van de doelpopulatie en dekking (target population & coverage).......................13
Fouten in het meetproces (ook grasple C2a)...............................................................................14
Experimenteel: Bayesiaanse Statistiek en Design overwegingen (HC1)...............................................16
Eigentijdse empirische cirkel............................................................................................................16
Begrippen uit Null Hypothesis testing (herhaling van KOM)............................................................16
, Replicatiecrisis.................................................................................................................................16
Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie....................................................................................................17
Bedreigingen voor interne validiteit (ook Grasple E1f)....................................................................17
Experimenteel: Eenweg ANOVA (HC2)................................................................................................18
Bayesiaanse ANOVA........................................................................................................................20
Samenvatting eenweg ANOVA.........................................................................................................20
Tweeweg designs.............................................................................................................................20
Experimenteel: Tweeweg ANOVA (HC3)..............................................................................................21
Quasi-experimentele Design............................................................................................................21
Hoofdeffecten en interactie-effecten..............................................................................................21
Quasi-experiment met random factoren.....................................................................................22
Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie....................................................................................................23
Meerdere informatieve hypotheses............................................................................................23
Één informatieve hypothese en complement (inter-actie...........................................................23
Tweeweg ANOVA (in JASP)..........................................................................................................23
Bij niet overtuigende resultaten..................................................................................................23
HC4 Experimenteel: Model Aannames van de ANOVA........................................................................24
Pre-registratie en de modelaannames.............................................................................................25
Kwalitatief: dataverzameling (HC1).....................................................................................................26
Het kwalitatieve interview...............................................................................................................26
Focusgroepen..................................................................................................................................26
Groepssamenstelling en grootte..................................................................................................27
Fasen in focusgroep.....................................................................................................................27
Eliciteren en de topic list..................................................................................................................28
Observaties......................................................................................................................................28
Rol van de onderzoeker...............................................................................................................28
Wat te observeren?.....................................................................................................................29
Wanneer/waarom observaties?..................................................................................................29
Bestaande data................................................................................................................................29
Toegankelijkheid data..................................................................................................................29
Inhoud bestaande data: manifest vs. latent................................................................................29
Waarom bestaande data?............................................................................................................30
Data-triangulatie..............................................................................................................................30
Etnografisch onderzoek...................................................................................................................30
Kwalitatief: Data-analyse (HC2)...........................................................................................................31
Deductief en inductief coderen.......................................................................................................31
, Stappen kwalitatieve data analyse:.............................................................................................31
Type codes...................................................................................................................................31
Grounded Theory (Inductieve analyse)............................................................................................31
Grounded Theory benadering......................................................................................................32
Sensitizing concepts – een lens om naar data te kijken...................................................................32
Inductieve analyse (Grounded theory)............................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Open coderen.......................................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Axiaal coderen......................................................................................................33
Codeerfases – Selectief coderen..................................................................................................34
Theoretische saturatie.................................................................................................................34
Negative cases & theoretical sampling........................................................................................34
Categorisatiematrix (Deductieve analyse).......................................................................................34
Het proces van de categorisatiematrix........................................................................................35
Verschillende benaderingen van de categorisatiematrix.............................................................35
Kwalitatief: ‘Goed’ onderzoek (HC3)....................................................................................................37
Rigor/trustworthiness......................................................................................................................37
4 pijlers van kwaliteit van onderzoek (Guba, 1981).........................................................................37
Kritiek op kwalitatief onderzoek en verschillende perspectieven....................................................38
Reflexiviteit......................................................................................................................................38
Reflexiviteit inbouwen.................................................................................................................39
Perspectieven op ethiek..................................................................................................................39
Ethische kwesties – algemeen.....................................................................................................39
Ethische kwesties – Kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................................39
Afwegingen maken met behulp van verschillende perspectieven op ethiek...............................40
Kwalitatief: Mixed-methods & filosofie (HC4).....................................................................................40
Voor- en nadelen kwalitatief vs. kwantitatief:.............................................................................40
Meerwaarde van mixed methods t.o.v. simple designs...............................................................40
Integratie van kwalitatief en kwantitatief....................................................................................41
Soorten mixed methods onderzoek en notatie...............................................................................41
Criteria design..............................................................................................................................41
Criteria resultaten........................................................................................................................41
Uitdagingen mixed methods onderzoek......................................................................................42
Filosofie van onderzoek...................................................................................................................42
Verschillende soorten paradigmas...............................................................................................43
, Correlationeel: Surveys (HC1)
Verzamelen van data kan incidenteel of opzettelijk (purposively)
Correlationele data is designed.
Doelen van onderzoek
1. Description – beschrijven van de sociale werkelijkheid
2. Causation – bestuderen van causale relaties
3. Prediction – voorspellen (d.m.v. generaliseren naar de
doelpopulatie)
Survey modes
Face-to-face (ook CAPI – computer assisted personal interview)
Per post
Telefoon (CATI – computer assisted telephone interview)
Internet
Mixed-mode
(Relevante) verschillen:
Mate van betrokkenheid (involvement)
interviewer
Mate van interactie met de respondent
Mate van privacy
Communicatiekanalen (visueel/auditief)
Gebruik van technologie
In Nederland wordt vooral gebruik gemaakt
van mixed modes.
Mixed mode – De intergratie van kwalitatief en
kwantitatief onderzoek. (Meer bij kwalitatief)
