BLD 302 FINAL EXAM (With Answers
and 100% Correct Answers)
What is the best specimen for dipstick urinalysis? - ANSWER - Clean catch, three
glass, catheterization, suprapubic aspiration
Containers with residue/detergent, bed pans with feces, from diapers, from a non-
sterile container if culture is needed - ANSWER - Unacceptable specimens
What are the 3 major wastes excreted in the urine? - ANSWER - Urea, creatinine,
uric acid
The filtration process in the kidneys normally controls urine protein level via
glomerular retention of larger molecules (T/F) - ANSWER - T
Urine is created by the filtration process in the kidneys when the glomerulus
selectively lets ______ and _________ pass - ANSWER - Water, electrolytes
List all of the pads of a urine dipstick - ANSWER - LE, urobilinogen, nitrites, protein,
pH, blood, specific gravity, ketones, bilirubin, glucose (LUNP PBS KBG)
What dipstick pads are useful screening tests for UTIs? - ANSWER - LE and nitrites
Principle of the LE pad: LE is located in _______ granules in all ______... LE
cleaves an _______ imbedded in the pad to make an ________ compound and a
________ salt... color will change from pale to _________ - ANSWER - Azurophilic,
granulocytes, ester, aromatic, diazonium, dark purple
Normal urine samples have a WBC count of _____cells/mL... however, an WBC
count of >_____ is indicative of urinary tract inflammation due to infection or trauma -
ANSWER - 10, 20
The false positives for an LE pad are __________ contamination, and ________ or
_____ that color the urine pink... the false negatives are ________, ______ urine,
______ or _____ acid, _______, _______, and high ________, ______, or _______
- ANSWER - Vaginal secretion, drugs, food, lymphocytes, dilute, oxalic, ascorbic,
antibiotics, formaldehyde, protein, glucose, specific gravity,
Hematuria can be caused by _______ or _______ disease, _______, _______,
_______, extremely strenuous _______, and ________ - ANSWER - Kidney, urinary
tract, trauma, appendicitis, hypertension, exercise, medications
The bilirubin test needs an ________ (acidic/alkaline) environment - ANSWER -
Acidic
The urobilinogen test needs an ________ (acidic/alkaline) environment - ANSWER -
Alkaline
,SG of protein-free plasma? Tubule dysfunction? - ANSWER - 1.010, 1.010
What causes increased SG? - ANSWER - Dehydration
The _________ is another indirect way of measuring SG in urine... easy to control
variables, small sample - ANSWER - Refractometer
Urine protein is often the first sign of ________ disease - ANSWER - Kidney
Low levels of albumin are referred to as ___________, and can be detected with
_______________ or ____________ with ________ - ANSWER - Microalbumin,
monoclonal Ab, chemical rxns, dye binding
Microalbumin testing is most often used in patients with _______ to screen for signs
of early ______ damage - ANSWER - Diabetes, kidney
Protein strip tests are most sensitive to ________ - ANSWER - Albumin
The protein pad utilizes the ___________ principle - ANSWER - Error of indicators
Excretion of urine whose specific gravity (concentration) is neither greater (more
concentrated) nor less (more dilute) than that of protein-free plasma, typically 1.008-
1.012. - ANSWER - Isosthenuria
How many levels of QC are required for urinalysis? - ANSWER - 2
What is the normal pH range for urine? - ANSWER - 5.0-6.0
Urobilinogen testing has 2 varieties... Erlich's rxn and an azo coupling rxn (T/F) -
ANSWER - T
Confirmatory test for bilirubin - ANSWER - Ictotest
Principle of nitrite pad: _______ is converted to _______ salt, then an ________
coupling rxn occurs between the aromatic compound (imbedded in pad) and the
diazonium salt to make an azo dye... color change from _______ to ______ -
ANSWER - Nitrite, diazonium, azo, white, red
What is the most common cause of UTIs? - ANSWER - Fecal flora
Some bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite, and this is what we are looking for during the
nitrite test (T/F) - ANSWER - T
Principle of blood test: Heme has _________ activity and can reduce _______,
which then oxidizes a chromogen (tetramethylbenzidine)... a color change then is
visible - ANSWER - Psuedoperoxidase, peroxide
Which type of urine specimen is best for detecting nitrites? - ANSWER - First
morning (so bacteria have time to convert)
,On a dipstick, the test is ______ if the blood pad is yellow, and ______ if there are
dots visible or the pad is green... dots indicate _________ and a green color
indicates ________ - ANSWER - Negative, positive, whole RBCs, lysed RBCs
The false negatives for the nitrite test are ________ and inhibition of _______
formation... the false positives are anything that colors the urine _______ when
acidic, or unacceptable specimens (storages, sterility) - ANSWER - Ascorbic acid,
nitrite, pink
The causes of hemoglobinuria are ________ in the vasculature, ______, ________,
chemical ________, and _________ from exertion - ANSWER - Hemolysis, burns,
infections (malaria, syphilis, mycoplasma), toxicity, hemolysis
Muscle trauma, ischemia, and infections, myopathy due to medications, seizures, or
snake/spider bites - ANSWER - Causes of myoglobinuria
What are some examples of semiquantitative results? - ANSWER - 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+,
ranges, trace, small, moderate
Difference between hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, and hematuria - ANSWER -
Blood vs Hemoglobin
-Urine: cloudy vs clear
-Microscopy
Myloglobin vs Hemoglobin
-Serum color
-Serum haptoglobin
-Free hemoglobin
-Creatine kinase
Dysuria (pain), urgency, low grade fever, abdominal cramps, mental confusion or
distress in the elderly, bacteriuria and leukocytouria, and/or minimal hematuria and
proteinuria - ANSWER - Lower UTI
Lower UTIs are characterized by dysuria (pain), ________, low grade ________,
abdominal _________, confusion or distress in the ________, _______ and
________, and minimal ________ and ________ - ANSWER - Urgency, fever,
cramping, elderly, bacteriuria, leukocyturia, hematuria, proteinuria
________ can be characterized by acute or chronic pyelonephritis, acute interstitial
nephritis, and/or casts and renal epithelial cells - ANSWER - Upper UTIs
Upper UTIs can be characterized by acute or chronic _________, acute interstitial
_______, and/or ______ and __________ cells - ANSWER - Pyelonephritis,
nephritis, casts, renal epithelial
Affects tubules, interstitium (tissue near loop of Henle), and renal pelvis... most
commonly caused by intestinal flora from the lower UT... sudden onset with flank,
back, or groin pain, dysuria, urgency, and general inflammatory symptoms... persists
for 1-2 weeks, generally benign, treat with antibiotics - ANSWER - Acute
pyelonephritis
, Protein: Mild
Blood: Small
LE: Usually positive (+)
Nitrite: Usually positive (+)
SG: Normal to low - ANSWER - Acute pyelonephritis
Urinalysis results associated with acute pyelonephritis...
Protein: _______
Blood: ________
LE: Usually ________
Nitrite: Usually _______
SG: ______ to _______ - ANSWER - Mild, small, positive, positive, normal, low
Permanent scarring due to persistent inflammation in renal calyces and pelvis -
ANSWER - Chronic pyelonephritis
Urinalysis results associated with chronic pyelonephritis...
Protein: _______
LE: ______ or ______
SG: ______ - ANSWER - Moderate, positive, negative, low
Protein: Moderate
LE: Positive (+) or negative (-)
SG: Low - ANSWER - Chronic pyelonephritis
Immune response in the interstitium of the kidney.... can result from acute allograft
rejection, drugs, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, or infection... cell-mediated
response - ANSWER - Acute interstitial nephritis
Protein: Mild
Blood: Positive (+)
LE: Usually positive (+), but can be negative (-) - ANSWER - Acute interstitial
nephritis
Urinalysis results associated with acute interstitial nephritis...
Protein: _____
Blood: ________
LE: Usually _______, but can be _______ - ANSWER - Mild, positive, positive,
negative
Principle for bilirubin pad... ____________ + diazonium salt = azobilirubin (azo
dye)... color change from light tan --> ______ --> ______ - ANSWER - Bilirubin
gluconaride, beige, pink
Principle for urobilinogen pad... urobilinogen + _________ = ____ color... color
change from light pink to _______
and 100% Correct Answers)
What is the best specimen for dipstick urinalysis? - ANSWER - Clean catch, three
glass, catheterization, suprapubic aspiration
Containers with residue/detergent, bed pans with feces, from diapers, from a non-
sterile container if culture is needed - ANSWER - Unacceptable specimens
What are the 3 major wastes excreted in the urine? - ANSWER - Urea, creatinine,
uric acid
The filtration process in the kidneys normally controls urine protein level via
glomerular retention of larger molecules (T/F) - ANSWER - T
Urine is created by the filtration process in the kidneys when the glomerulus
selectively lets ______ and _________ pass - ANSWER - Water, electrolytes
List all of the pads of a urine dipstick - ANSWER - LE, urobilinogen, nitrites, protein,
pH, blood, specific gravity, ketones, bilirubin, glucose (LUNP PBS KBG)
What dipstick pads are useful screening tests for UTIs? - ANSWER - LE and nitrites
Principle of the LE pad: LE is located in _______ granules in all ______... LE
cleaves an _______ imbedded in the pad to make an ________ compound and a
________ salt... color will change from pale to _________ - ANSWER - Azurophilic,
granulocytes, ester, aromatic, diazonium, dark purple
Normal urine samples have a WBC count of _____cells/mL... however, an WBC
count of >_____ is indicative of urinary tract inflammation due to infection or trauma -
ANSWER - 10, 20
The false positives for an LE pad are __________ contamination, and ________ or
_____ that color the urine pink... the false negatives are ________, ______ urine,
______ or _____ acid, _______, _______, and high ________, ______, or _______
- ANSWER - Vaginal secretion, drugs, food, lymphocytes, dilute, oxalic, ascorbic,
antibiotics, formaldehyde, protein, glucose, specific gravity,
Hematuria can be caused by _______ or _______ disease, _______, _______,
_______, extremely strenuous _______, and ________ - ANSWER - Kidney, urinary
tract, trauma, appendicitis, hypertension, exercise, medications
The bilirubin test needs an ________ (acidic/alkaline) environment - ANSWER -
Acidic
The urobilinogen test needs an ________ (acidic/alkaline) environment - ANSWER -
Alkaline
,SG of protein-free plasma? Tubule dysfunction? - ANSWER - 1.010, 1.010
What causes increased SG? - ANSWER - Dehydration
The _________ is another indirect way of measuring SG in urine... easy to control
variables, small sample - ANSWER - Refractometer
Urine protein is often the first sign of ________ disease - ANSWER - Kidney
Low levels of albumin are referred to as ___________, and can be detected with
_______________ or ____________ with ________ - ANSWER - Microalbumin,
monoclonal Ab, chemical rxns, dye binding
Microalbumin testing is most often used in patients with _______ to screen for signs
of early ______ damage - ANSWER - Diabetes, kidney
Protein strip tests are most sensitive to ________ - ANSWER - Albumin
The protein pad utilizes the ___________ principle - ANSWER - Error of indicators
Excretion of urine whose specific gravity (concentration) is neither greater (more
concentrated) nor less (more dilute) than that of protein-free plasma, typically 1.008-
1.012. - ANSWER - Isosthenuria
How many levels of QC are required for urinalysis? - ANSWER - 2
What is the normal pH range for urine? - ANSWER - 5.0-6.0
Urobilinogen testing has 2 varieties... Erlich's rxn and an azo coupling rxn (T/F) -
ANSWER - T
Confirmatory test for bilirubin - ANSWER - Ictotest
Principle of nitrite pad: _______ is converted to _______ salt, then an ________
coupling rxn occurs between the aromatic compound (imbedded in pad) and the
diazonium salt to make an azo dye... color change from _______ to ______ -
ANSWER - Nitrite, diazonium, azo, white, red
What is the most common cause of UTIs? - ANSWER - Fecal flora
Some bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite, and this is what we are looking for during the
nitrite test (T/F) - ANSWER - T
Principle of blood test: Heme has _________ activity and can reduce _______,
which then oxidizes a chromogen (tetramethylbenzidine)... a color change then is
visible - ANSWER - Psuedoperoxidase, peroxide
Which type of urine specimen is best for detecting nitrites? - ANSWER - First
morning (so bacteria have time to convert)
,On a dipstick, the test is ______ if the blood pad is yellow, and ______ if there are
dots visible or the pad is green... dots indicate _________ and a green color
indicates ________ - ANSWER - Negative, positive, whole RBCs, lysed RBCs
The false negatives for the nitrite test are ________ and inhibition of _______
formation... the false positives are anything that colors the urine _______ when
acidic, or unacceptable specimens (storages, sterility) - ANSWER - Ascorbic acid,
nitrite, pink
The causes of hemoglobinuria are ________ in the vasculature, ______, ________,
chemical ________, and _________ from exertion - ANSWER - Hemolysis, burns,
infections (malaria, syphilis, mycoplasma), toxicity, hemolysis
Muscle trauma, ischemia, and infections, myopathy due to medications, seizures, or
snake/spider bites - ANSWER - Causes of myoglobinuria
What are some examples of semiquantitative results? - ANSWER - 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+,
ranges, trace, small, moderate
Difference between hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, and hematuria - ANSWER -
Blood vs Hemoglobin
-Urine: cloudy vs clear
-Microscopy
Myloglobin vs Hemoglobin
-Serum color
-Serum haptoglobin
-Free hemoglobin
-Creatine kinase
Dysuria (pain), urgency, low grade fever, abdominal cramps, mental confusion or
distress in the elderly, bacteriuria and leukocytouria, and/or minimal hematuria and
proteinuria - ANSWER - Lower UTI
Lower UTIs are characterized by dysuria (pain), ________, low grade ________,
abdominal _________, confusion or distress in the ________, _______ and
________, and minimal ________ and ________ - ANSWER - Urgency, fever,
cramping, elderly, bacteriuria, leukocyturia, hematuria, proteinuria
________ can be characterized by acute or chronic pyelonephritis, acute interstitial
nephritis, and/or casts and renal epithelial cells - ANSWER - Upper UTIs
Upper UTIs can be characterized by acute or chronic _________, acute interstitial
_______, and/or ______ and __________ cells - ANSWER - Pyelonephritis,
nephritis, casts, renal epithelial
Affects tubules, interstitium (tissue near loop of Henle), and renal pelvis... most
commonly caused by intestinal flora from the lower UT... sudden onset with flank,
back, or groin pain, dysuria, urgency, and general inflammatory symptoms... persists
for 1-2 weeks, generally benign, treat with antibiotics - ANSWER - Acute
pyelonephritis
, Protein: Mild
Blood: Small
LE: Usually positive (+)
Nitrite: Usually positive (+)
SG: Normal to low - ANSWER - Acute pyelonephritis
Urinalysis results associated with acute pyelonephritis...
Protein: _______
Blood: ________
LE: Usually ________
Nitrite: Usually _______
SG: ______ to _______ - ANSWER - Mild, small, positive, positive, normal, low
Permanent scarring due to persistent inflammation in renal calyces and pelvis -
ANSWER - Chronic pyelonephritis
Urinalysis results associated with chronic pyelonephritis...
Protein: _______
LE: ______ or ______
SG: ______ - ANSWER - Moderate, positive, negative, low
Protein: Moderate
LE: Positive (+) or negative (-)
SG: Low - ANSWER - Chronic pyelonephritis
Immune response in the interstitium of the kidney.... can result from acute allograft
rejection, drugs, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, or infection... cell-mediated
response - ANSWER - Acute interstitial nephritis
Protein: Mild
Blood: Positive (+)
LE: Usually positive (+), but can be negative (-) - ANSWER - Acute interstitial
nephritis
Urinalysis results associated with acute interstitial nephritis...
Protein: _____
Blood: ________
LE: Usually _______, but can be _______ - ANSWER - Mild, positive, positive,
negative
Principle for bilirubin pad... ____________ + diazonium salt = azobilirubin (azo
dye)... color change from light tan --> ______ --> ______ - ANSWER - Bilirubin
gluconaride, beige, pink
Principle for urobilinogen pad... urobilinogen + _________ = ____ color... color
change from light pink to _______
