CNPR, NAPSR Exam Study Guide 2023

Margin of safety - the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life threatening side effects Rights of drug administration - right patient, right medication, right does, right route of administration, and right time of delivery Injection routes - intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, subcutaneous intramuscular - drugs given by direct injection into muscle tissue intrathecal - needle is inserted between to vertebrea in the lower spine an into space around the spinal cord intravenous - injected directly into the veins subcutaneous - needle inserted into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin Bioavailablility - how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action Bioequivalent - when drugs contain not only the same active ingredients but also produce virtually the same blood levels over time Therapeutic equivalence - production of the same medicinal effects Areas of drug elimination and excretion - Lungs, breast milk, sweat tears urine feces, bile, saliva, and exhaled air medication error - failure to administer drug in the correct form Powders - a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles pills - a single dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with liquid such as syrup and rolling it into a round or oval shape granules - a small pill usually accompanied usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule; quite often releasing medication over time tablet - pharmaceutical preparation made by compressing the powdered for of a drug and bulk filling material under high pressure; commonly used for anti acids and antiflatulents Capsules - medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in an external shell; can be pulled apart for access to contentssustained release - several doses of a drug in special coatings that dissolve at different rates Enteric Coating - dosage in special coating that doesn't digest in the stomach; only starts to digest in the intestines caplets - shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet the shape and file make swallowing easier gel caps - an oil based medication that is enclosed in soft gelatin capsule Emulsion - two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed otic drugs - control localized infections or inflammation and require very low dosages to be effective Types of drug despensing - OTC and prescription Type A (Augmented) drug reaction - exaggeration of the drug's therapeutic effects Type B (idiosyncratic) - results from mechanisms that are not currently understood; largely unpredictable Type C (continuing or chronic) - These persist for a long time Type D delayed - these take some time to develop Type E end of use - These occur during drug withdrawal Risk Factors - Use of several drugs, age, Pregnancy and breast feeding Excipients - inactive ingredients Parenteral - intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous Rectal - suppository Oral - tablet, capsule, liquid Transdermal - through the skin via creams or patches Binders - cement the active and inert components of tablets Fillers - used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and consumption