AP GOPO Review Final Exam Spring 2023
Anti-Federalist
Opponents of the Constitution who desired a federal government more like the one
under the Articles of Confederation. They wanted a Bill of Rights added before ratifying
the U.S. Constitution
Articles of Confederation
The first plan of government for the colonies after the American Revolution which
redefined the former colonies as states
Bill of Rights
The first 10 Amendments added to the Constitution in 1791
Checks and Balances
a system in which each branch of government is able to check, or restrain, the power of
the others
Electoral College System
Group of electors who officially elect the president and Vice President- chosen by state
Enumerated Powers
The powers of Congress that are specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution
Federalist Papers
a series of essays written to explain and defend the proposed U.S. Constitution. They
were mostly written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
Federalists
Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government.
Great Compromise
The agreement at the Constitutional Convention in 1789, to create a two-house
legislature
Judicial Review
The principle that gives the Supreme Court, the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
This principle was established in the Marbury v. Madison decision
Commerce Clause
Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3
outlines the power of Congress to regulate national and international commerce
Necessary and Proper Clause
This is also known as the elastic clause. "The congress shall have the power....to make
all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers"
Reserved Powers
powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by
the states as stated in the 10th Amendment
Separation of Powers
the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of
government
Supremacy Clause
Article VI in the U.S. Constitution, states that the U.S. Constitution and the laws of the
United States are the Supreme law of the land.
Block Grant
, Grants that offer large sums of money to the states to take care of some large,
overarching purpose, without the strings of the categorical grants. It gives more
autonomy to the states.
Categorical Grants
Money in the form of grants given to states with specific guidelines or requirements
Concurrent Powers
Powers held by both the state and federal levels of authority, like taxing
Conditions of Aid
The "strings" attached to a federal grant given to states
Cooperative Federalism
The overlap of federal and state authority in the federal grant program
Extradition
The legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one state is returned to that state
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state levels of
governments
Devolution
Devolving some of the responsibilities assumed by the federal government over the
years, back onto the states
Implied Powers
Powers of Congress that are not specifically listed in the Constitution, but deriving from
the elastic clause
Mandates
require states to comply with a federal directive sometimes with and sometimes without
the allure and reward of funds. Most deal with Civil Rights and Environmental concerns
Unitary Government
A type of government with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform
law throughout the land.
Civil Rights Act - 1957
Addressed discrimination in voter registration and established the U.S. Office of Civil
Rights, an enforcement agency in the Justice Department.
Electorate
The people who vote
Political Efficacy
A sense of effectiveness that citizens feel with their vote
Gender Gap
The difference in views between men and women and how these are expressed at the
voting booth
Precinct
A small geographic area of about 500-1000 voters all who vote at an assigned polling
place
Recall
When citizens gather the necessary number of signatures of registered voters to to
remove an elected official from office in the middle of their term
Referendum
Anti-Federalist
Opponents of the Constitution who desired a federal government more like the one
under the Articles of Confederation. They wanted a Bill of Rights added before ratifying
the U.S. Constitution
Articles of Confederation
The first plan of government for the colonies after the American Revolution which
redefined the former colonies as states
Bill of Rights
The first 10 Amendments added to the Constitution in 1791
Checks and Balances
a system in which each branch of government is able to check, or restrain, the power of
the others
Electoral College System
Group of electors who officially elect the president and Vice President- chosen by state
Enumerated Powers
The powers of Congress that are specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution
Federalist Papers
a series of essays written to explain and defend the proposed U.S. Constitution. They
were mostly written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
Federalists
Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government.
Great Compromise
The agreement at the Constitutional Convention in 1789, to create a two-house
legislature
Judicial Review
The principle that gives the Supreme Court, the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
This principle was established in the Marbury v. Madison decision
Commerce Clause
Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3
outlines the power of Congress to regulate national and international commerce
Necessary and Proper Clause
This is also known as the elastic clause. "The congress shall have the power....to make
all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers"
Reserved Powers
powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by
the states as stated in the 10th Amendment
Separation of Powers
the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of
government
Supremacy Clause
Article VI in the U.S. Constitution, states that the U.S. Constitution and the laws of the
United States are the Supreme law of the land.
Block Grant
, Grants that offer large sums of money to the states to take care of some large,
overarching purpose, without the strings of the categorical grants. It gives more
autonomy to the states.
Categorical Grants
Money in the form of grants given to states with specific guidelines or requirements
Concurrent Powers
Powers held by both the state and federal levels of authority, like taxing
Conditions of Aid
The "strings" attached to a federal grant given to states
Cooperative Federalism
The overlap of federal and state authority in the federal grant program
Extradition
The legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one state is returned to that state
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state levels of
governments
Devolution
Devolving some of the responsibilities assumed by the federal government over the
years, back onto the states
Implied Powers
Powers of Congress that are not specifically listed in the Constitution, but deriving from
the elastic clause
Mandates
require states to comply with a federal directive sometimes with and sometimes without
the allure and reward of funds. Most deal with Civil Rights and Environmental concerns
Unitary Government
A type of government with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform
law throughout the land.
Civil Rights Act - 1957
Addressed discrimination in voter registration and established the U.S. Office of Civil
Rights, an enforcement agency in the Justice Department.
Electorate
The people who vote
Political Efficacy
A sense of effectiveness that citizens feel with their vote
Gender Gap
The difference in views between men and women and how these are expressed at the
voting booth
Precinct
A small geographic area of about 500-1000 voters all who vote at an assigned polling
place
Recall
When citizens gather the necessary number of signatures of registered voters to to
remove an elected official from office in the middle of their term
Referendum
