Energized Study Material of
Informatics Practices XII
BY
Mr. Sajad Akbar Rather (MCA/MEd)
I/C ICT DIET Sopore
Mr. Javeed Hassan Sofi (MCA/BEd)
Teacher GMS Brar Bandipora
Mr. Javaid Ahmad Wani (MCA/BEd)
Teacher MS Takiya Batapora Zone Kunzar
A complete energized Study material of Informatics
Practices for Class XII
Prepared by DSEK and SIE Kashmir
Copyright © 2020 by DSEK, SIE Kashmir
As per Latest Syllabus of JKBOSE
,A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
Contents
Structure Page No’s
Unit 1: Computer Networking & OSS 2
Networking 2
Need 3
Identifying Computers & Users Over a Network: 3
Internet 6
Switching Techniques 6
Transmission Media 7
Networking Devices 13
Network Topologies & Types 17
Network Technology 19
Network Security Concepts 20
Open Source Concepts 23
Unit 2: Visual Basic Programing 24
Basics 24
Visual Basic Loops 33
Visual Basic Functions 35
Forms 43
Unit 3: Fundamentals of DBMS 45
Basics 45
Data Types 48
Data Integrity 49
Constraints 50
Keys in Database 51
SQL 54
Unit 4: Internet and Web Application Development 66
Basics 66
HTML 70
Web Browser 81
************************
1
,A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
Unit 1
Computer Networking & OSS
Objectives:
In this Chapter you will learn about:
o Networking and Its Need
o Internet
o Switching Techniques
o Transmission Media
o Networking Devices
o Network Topologies & Types
o Network Technology
o Network Security Concepts
o Open Source Concepts
Networking:
We often need peripheral devices and data to be shared among various computers.
In fact, in your school's computer lab, you must have seen one printer which is
connected to only one computer, serving to the needs of all the computers in the
lab. How does this happen? This happens because all your lab's computers and
peripherals are forming a network. They are interconnected with each other
enabling you to send and receive data from one computer to another. Hence it can
be said that two computers are interconnected if they are able to exchange
information.
A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one
another over a shared network medium. In simple terms, a computer network is a
collection of two or more computers linked together for the purpose of sharing
information and resources. When these computers are joined in a network, people
can share files and peripherals such as modems, printers, backup drives, or CD-
ROM drives. Each computer on the network is called a node and hence, a network
is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths (transmission
media). A network can be as small and simple as two computers that share a printer
or as complex as the world's largest network, the Internet. When networks at
multiple locations are connected using services available from phone companies,
people can send e-mail, share links to the global Internet, or conduct video
conferences in real time with other remote users. As companies rely on
2
, A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
applications like electronic mail and database management for core business
operations, computer networking becomes increasingly more important.
Needs:
1. Resource Sharing
2. Reliability
3. Cost Factor
4. Communication Medium
Resource Sharing means to make all programs, data and peripherals available to
anyone on the network irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the
user.
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different machines, so
if one of them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any other) them its
other copy can be used.
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can be shared.
Communication Medium means one can send messages and whatever the
changes at one end are done can be immediately noticed at another.
Identifying Computers & Users Over a Network:
As there are millions of computers in a computer network. Each computer is
identified by a unique address called I.P address (Internet Protocol Address) in a
computer network. The I.P Address is unique and universal. That is each computer
in a computer network (internet) is associated with this unique address and this
cannot be address of any other computer.
3
Informatics Practices XII
BY
Mr. Sajad Akbar Rather (MCA/MEd)
I/C ICT DIET Sopore
Mr. Javeed Hassan Sofi (MCA/BEd)
Teacher GMS Brar Bandipora
Mr. Javaid Ahmad Wani (MCA/BEd)
Teacher MS Takiya Batapora Zone Kunzar
A complete energized Study material of Informatics
Practices for Class XII
Prepared by DSEK and SIE Kashmir
Copyright © 2020 by DSEK, SIE Kashmir
As per Latest Syllabus of JKBOSE
,A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
Contents
Structure Page No’s
Unit 1: Computer Networking & OSS 2
Networking 2
Need 3
Identifying Computers & Users Over a Network: 3
Internet 6
Switching Techniques 6
Transmission Media 7
Networking Devices 13
Network Topologies & Types 17
Network Technology 19
Network Security Concepts 20
Open Source Concepts 23
Unit 2: Visual Basic Programing 24
Basics 24
Visual Basic Loops 33
Visual Basic Functions 35
Forms 43
Unit 3: Fundamentals of DBMS 45
Basics 45
Data Types 48
Data Integrity 49
Constraints 50
Keys in Database 51
SQL 54
Unit 4: Internet and Web Application Development 66
Basics 66
HTML 70
Web Browser 81
************************
1
,A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
Unit 1
Computer Networking & OSS
Objectives:
In this Chapter you will learn about:
o Networking and Its Need
o Internet
o Switching Techniques
o Transmission Media
o Networking Devices
o Network Topologies & Types
o Network Technology
o Network Security Concepts
o Open Source Concepts
Networking:
We often need peripheral devices and data to be shared among various computers.
In fact, in your school's computer lab, you must have seen one printer which is
connected to only one computer, serving to the needs of all the computers in the
lab. How does this happen? This happens because all your lab's computers and
peripherals are forming a network. They are interconnected with each other
enabling you to send and receive data from one computer to another. Hence it can
be said that two computers are interconnected if they are able to exchange
information.
A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one
another over a shared network medium. In simple terms, a computer network is a
collection of two or more computers linked together for the purpose of sharing
information and resources. When these computers are joined in a network, people
can share files and peripherals such as modems, printers, backup drives, or CD-
ROM drives. Each computer on the network is called a node and hence, a network
is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths (transmission
media). A network can be as small and simple as two computers that share a printer
or as complex as the world's largest network, the Internet. When networks at
multiple locations are connected using services available from phone companies,
people can send e-mail, share links to the global Internet, or conduct video
conferences in real time with other remote users. As companies rely on
2
, A complete energized Study material of Informatics Practices for Class XII
applications like electronic mail and database management for core business
operations, computer networking becomes increasingly more important.
Needs:
1. Resource Sharing
2. Reliability
3. Cost Factor
4. Communication Medium
Resource Sharing means to make all programs, data and peripherals available to
anyone on the network irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the
user.
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different machines, so
if one of them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any other) them its
other copy can be used.
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can be shared.
Communication Medium means one can send messages and whatever the
changes at one end are done can be immediately noticed at another.
Identifying Computers & Users Over a Network:
As there are millions of computers in a computer network. Each computer is
identified by a unique address called I.P address (Internet Protocol Address) in a
computer network. The I.P Address is unique and universal. That is each computer
in a computer network (internet) is associated with this unique address and this
cannot be address of any other computer.
3
