2023/2024 (updated) AFAA GFI EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Kinetic Chain - correct answers Brain & spinal cord. Coordinates activity of body parts. Mechanoreceptors - correct answers Senses distortion in body tissue. Goldi Tendon Organs - correct answers Senses change in tension. Muscle Spindles - correct answers Sense changes in length. Stabilization/Stabilizers of the Core - correct answers Transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal & external obliques, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles, rotator cuff, psoas major, rectus abdominis, gluteus medius, adductor complex Movement of the Core - correct answers Latissimus dorsi, hip flexors, hamstring complex, quadriceps, pectoralis major, deltoids, gluteus maximus, triceps, biceps, erector spinae Tendons - correct answers Connect muscle to bone Sarcomeres - correct answers Individual contractile units. Ex. Actin and Myosin. Type I (Slow Twitch) - correct answers Aerobic / Resistant to fatigue Type II (Fast Twitch) - correct answers Anaerobic / Faster to fatigue / Produce more speed and strength Behavioral Properties of Muscle - correct answers Extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension Isolated Function of Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius) - correct answers Knee Extension Common Exercise: Squat (upward phase) Isolated Function of Hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) - correct answers Knee Flexion Common Exercise: Hamstrings curl Isolated Function of Gastrocnemius - correct answers Plantar Flexion Common Exercise: Calf Raise Isolated Function of Gluteus Maximus - correct answers Hip Extension & External Rotation Common Exercise: Lunge (upward phase) Isolated Function of Rectus Abdominus - correct answers Spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation Common Exercise: Ball crunch Isolated Function of Pectoralis Major - correct answers Shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction Common Exercise: Push-up Isolated Function of Latissimus Dorsi - correct answers Shoulder extension, adduction, and rotation Common Exercise: Band row Isolated Function of Biceps - correct answers Elbow Flexion Common Exercise: Biceps Curl Isolated Function of Triceps - correct answers Elbow Extension Common Exercise: Triceps Extension Ligaments - correct answers Connect bone to bone Axial Skeleton - correct answers Skull, rib cage, and vertebral column Appendicular Skeleton - correct answers Bones of upper and lower extremities Skeletal System Functions - correct answers movement, support, protection, blood production, mineral storage Non-Synovial Joints - correct answers no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; little to no movement Ex. Structures of the skull Synovial Joints - correct answers has joint cavity and connective tissue Ex. Carpals of the hand, knee, elbow, thumb, radioulnar, and shoulder Vertebrae of the Spinal Column - correct answers Lumbar - L1-L5 Thoractic - T1-T12 Cervical - C1-C7 How blood travels through the heart - correct answers blood enters into the right atrium from the body moves into the right ventricle is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs gathers oxygen blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins enters left atrium goes into the left ventricle blood is pushed to the body's tissues through the aorta Atria of the Heart - correct answers Superior chamber, receives blood from outside the heart Right Atrium of the Heart - correct answers gathers deoxygenated blood from the body Left Atrium of the Heart - correct answers gather oxygenated blood from the lungs Ventricles of the Heart - correct answers inferior chambers, forces blood out of the heart Right Ventricle of the Heart - correct answers pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left Ventricle of the Heart - correct answers pumps oxygenated blood to the body Sinoatrial Nose (SA Node) - correct answers located in the right atrium, "pacemaker of the heart" Arteries - correct answers transports blood away from the heart Veins - correct answers transports blood back to the heart Stroke Volume - correct answers amount of blood pumped with each contraction Heart Rate - correct answers rate at which the heart pumps, average = 70-80 BPM Functions of Blood - correct answers transportation, regulation, protection Respiratory Pump - correct answers components that move air in and out of the body Anterior - correct answers front of body Posterior - correct answers back of body Superior - correct answers above point of reference Inferior - correct answers below point of reference Proximal - correct answers nearest to point of reference Distal - correct answers farthest from point of reference Medial - correct answers closer to the midline Lateral - correct answers father from midline Sagittal Plane - correct answers divides body into left and right halves, forward and backward movement Ex. bicep curl, squat, running - flexion, extension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion Frontal Plane - correct answers divides body into front and back halves, side to side movement Ex. lateral arm raise, side step, side lunge, side shuffle - abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion Transverse Plane - correct answers bisects the body into top and bottom halves, rotational movement Ex. trunk rotation, bicycle crunches, lunge with rotation horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, pronation, supination Length Tension Relationship - correct answers length at which muscle can create most tension; too short or too long = reduced force production Force Couple - correct answers muscles moving together to produce movement Reciprocal Inhibition - correct answers agonist contracts while antagonist relaxes to allow movement General Adaption Syndrome - correct answers how the body responds to stress 3 phases - alarm, adaptation, exhaustion Alarm - correct answers initial response to exercise, 2-3 weeks Adaptation - correct answers body adapts to stimuli, 4-12 weeks Exhaustion - correct answers body no longer tolerates demands of training Specific Adaptation of Imposed Demands (SAID) Principle - correct answers type of stimulus placed on the body determines expected physiological outcome mechanical, neuromuscular, metabolic Mechanical Specificity - correct answers the weight and movements placed on the body Neuromuscular Specificity - correct answers specific exercises using different speeds Metabolic Specificity - correct answers energy demand placed on the body The Overload Principle - correct answers Exercise load must be above the training threshold for adaptation to occur Concentric - correct answers produces tension while shortening to overcome external resistance Isometric - correct answers produces tension while maintaining constant length Eccentric - correct answers produces tension while lengthening Agonist - correct answers prime mover Synergist - correct answers Muscle that assists a prime mover Antagonist - correct answers opposes the prime mover Static Posture - correct answers starting point of movement; standing natural, relaxed Dynamic Posture - correct answers positioning of body during movement Five Kinetic Chain Checkpoints - correct answers feet, knees, LPHC, shoulders, head/neck Optimal Alignment of the Feet - correct answers hip to shoulder width apart, pointed straight ahead Optimal Alignment of the Knees - correct answers soft and extended, in line with second and third toes Optimal Alignment of the LPHC - correct answers neutral, abs and glutes engaged Optimal Alignment of the Shoulders - correct answers back and down, no thoractic rounding Optimal Alignment of the Head/Neck - correct answers cervical spine neutral Kyphosis - correct answers rounding of thoractic spine, accompanied by rounded shoulders Lordosis - correct answers sway back, excessive lumbar curve Repetitive Movement - correct answers regularly repeated movements can alter kinetic chain; elements of occupation and recreation (e.g., carrying overloaded bags, wearing dress shoes, constant in-class jumping) Repetitive Lack of Motion - correct answers frequent immobility; holds potential for repetitive stress injuries (e.g., sitting at a desk all day). Overactive Muscle - correct answers muscle is overly tense or tight during movement Underactive Muscle - correct answers muscle is weak, not being recruited as it should Altered reciprocal inhibition - correct answers when overactive muscle decreases neural drive to functional antagonist Pronation distortion syndrome - correct answers foot pronation (flat feet) and adducted and internally rotated knees (knock knees) Lower crossed syndrome - correct answers anterior tilt to the pelvis (arched lower back)