PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
Chapter 1
(Nature of Development)
1. 3 domains of development: physical, cognitive,
psychosocial/socioemotional (p. 4, p. 10-1, 12 & lecture).
•
Physical or biological growth: changes in body and in the ways a person uses
his or her body; effects of aging, genes/environment
•
Cognitive development: involves gains, declines, and changes in reason
and thinking, language acquisition, and the ways individuals gain, store,
and remember or recall knowledge of their environments; involves
learning and forgetting
•
Socioemotional/psychosocial development: concerns changes in feelings or
emotions as well as changes in how individuals relate to other people.
Includes relationships with family, peers, and coworkers, as well as an
individuals’ personal identity, or sense of self
2. How does your textbook define development (p. 3-4) and what is
the life-span perspective?
•
Development: the pattern of movement or change that begins at
conception and continues through the human life span.
•
Life-span perspective: the life-span perspective views development as
lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and
contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and
regulation of loss and that development is constructed through biological,
sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
3. How does this relate to Stability vs. Change?
•
The stability-change issue is the debate whether and to what degree we
become older renditions of our earlier selves (stability) or whether we
develop into someone different from who we are at an earlier point in
development (change)
4. Know lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plasticity & multidisciplinary
(p. 4).
•
Lifelong: In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the
endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates
development
•
Multidimensional: At every age, your body, your mind, your emotions, and
your relationships change and affect each other. Development has
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
•
Multidirectional: Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a
dimension expand and others shrink. For example, when one language (such
as English) is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring
second and third languages (such as Spanish and Chinese) decreases later
in development, especially after early childhood ). During adolescence, as
individuals establish romantic relationships, their time spent with friends
may decrease. During late adulthood, older adults might become wiser by
calling on past experience to guide their intellectual decision making , but
they perform more poorly on tasks that require speed in processing
information
•
Plasticity: Developmentalists debate how much plasticity people have in
various dimensions at different points in their development. Plasticity
means the capacity for change. For example, can you still improve your
intellectual skills when you are in your seventies or eighties? Or might
these intellectual skills be fixed by the time you are in your thirties, so that
further improvement is impossible?
•
Multidisciplinary: Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in
unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. How do
,PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
your heredity and health limit your intelligence? Do intelligence and
social relationships change with age in the same way around the world?
5. Growth, maintenance & regulation of loss (p. 6).
,PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
•
Achieving mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among
three goals of human development: growth, maintenance, and regulation of
loss. As individuals age into middle and late adulthood, the maintenance and
regulation of loss in their capacities shift their attention away from growth.
Thus, a 75-year-old man might aim not to improve his memory or his golf
swing but to maintain his independence and merely to continue playing golf.
6. What is life-span vs life expectancy; what is the average life expectancy
for someone born now? p. 4?
•
Life-span: the oldest age documented (122 years)
•
Life expectancy: the average number of years that a person born in a year
can expect to live
7. How does the US poverty rate compare to other countries (p. 8)
•
The U.S. figure of 21.8 percent of children living in poverty is much higher
than child poverty rates in other industrialized nations. For example,
Canada has a child poverty rate of 9 percent and Sweden has a rate of 2
percent.
8. What are some characteristics of resilient children (p. 8)?
•
9. How many individuals were over the age of 65 in 1900, 1940, 2000 &
projected for 2040 (p. 9)?
•
1900: 4 •
2000: 14-20 million
million •
2040: 29-38 million
•
1940: 6
million
10. Culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status & gender (p.7)
•
Culture: encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other
products of a particular group of people that are passed on from
generation to generation
•
Ethnicity: is rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
•
Socioeconomic status: refers to a person's position within society
based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
•
Gender: refers to the characteristics of people as males and females
11. Know the periods of development listed discussed on p. 11-14 in the text?
•
The prenatal period is the time from conception to birth. It involves tremendous
growth
—from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral
capabilities—and takes place within approximately a nine-month period.
•
Infancy is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months. Infancy is
a time of extreme dependence upon adults. During this period, many
psychological activities— language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor
coordination, and social learning, for example
—are just beginning.
•
Early childhood is the developmental period from the end of infancy to age
5 or 6. This period is sometimes called the “preschool years.” During this
, PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
time, young children learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for
themselves, develop school readiness
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
Chapter 1
(Nature of Development)
1. 3 domains of development: physical, cognitive,
psychosocial/socioemotional (p. 4, p. 10-1, 12 & lecture).
•
Physical or biological growth: changes in body and in the ways a person uses
his or her body; effects of aging, genes/environment
•
Cognitive development: involves gains, declines, and changes in reason
and thinking, language acquisition, and the ways individuals gain, store,
and remember or recall knowledge of their environments; involves
learning and forgetting
•
Socioemotional/psychosocial development: concerns changes in feelings or
emotions as well as changes in how individuals relate to other people.
Includes relationships with family, peers, and coworkers, as well as an
individuals’ personal identity, or sense of self
2. How does your textbook define development (p. 3-4) and what is
the life-span perspective?
•
Development: the pattern of movement or change that begins at
conception and continues through the human life span.
•
Life-span perspective: the life-span perspective views development as
lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and
contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and
regulation of loss and that development is constructed through biological,
sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
3. How does this relate to Stability vs. Change?
•
The stability-change issue is the debate whether and to what degree we
become older renditions of our earlier selves (stability) or whether we
develop into someone different from who we are at an earlier point in
development (change)
4. Know lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plasticity & multidisciplinary
(p. 4).
•
Lifelong: In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the
endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates
development
•
Multidimensional: At every age, your body, your mind, your emotions, and
your relationships change and affect each other. Development has
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
•
Multidirectional: Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a
dimension expand and others shrink. For example, when one language (such
as English) is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring
second and third languages (such as Spanish and Chinese) decreases later
in development, especially after early childhood ). During adolescence, as
individuals establish romantic relationships, their time spent with friends
may decrease. During late adulthood, older adults might become wiser by
calling on past experience to guide their intellectual decision making , but
they perform more poorly on tasks that require speed in processing
information
•
Plasticity: Developmentalists debate how much plasticity people have in
various dimensions at different points in their development. Plasticity
means the capacity for change. For example, can you still improve your
intellectual skills when you are in your seventies or eighties? Or might
these intellectual skills be fixed by the time you are in your thirties, so that
further improvement is impossible?
•
Multidisciplinary: Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists,
neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in
unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. How do
,PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
your heredity and health limit your intelligence? Do intelligence and
social relationships change with age in the same way around the world?
5. Growth, maintenance & regulation of loss (p. 6).
,PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
•
Achieving mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among
three goals of human development: growth, maintenance, and regulation of
loss. As individuals age into middle and late adulthood, the maintenance and
regulation of loss in their capacities shift their attention away from growth.
Thus, a 75-year-old man might aim not to improve his memory or his golf
swing but to maintain his independence and merely to continue playing golf.
6. What is life-span vs life expectancy; what is the average life expectancy
for someone born now? p. 4?
•
Life-span: the oldest age documented (122 years)
•
Life expectancy: the average number of years that a person born in a year
can expect to live
7. How does the US poverty rate compare to other countries (p. 8)
•
The U.S. figure of 21.8 percent of children living in poverty is much higher
than child poverty rates in other industrialized nations. For example,
Canada has a child poverty rate of 9 percent and Sweden has a rate of 2
percent.
8. What are some characteristics of resilient children (p. 8)?
•
9. How many individuals were over the age of 65 in 1900, 1940, 2000 &
projected for 2040 (p. 9)?
•
1900: 4 •
2000: 14-20 million
million •
2040: 29-38 million
•
1940: 6
million
10. Culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status & gender (p.7)
•
Culture: encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other
products of a particular group of people that are passed on from
generation to generation
•
Ethnicity: is rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
•
Socioeconomic status: refers to a person's position within society
based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
•
Gender: refers to the characteristics of people as males and females
11. Know the periods of development listed discussed on p. 11-14 in the text?
•
The prenatal period is the time from conception to birth. It involves tremendous
growth
—from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral
capabilities—and takes place within approximately a nine-month period.
•
Infancy is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months. Infancy is
a time of extreme dependence upon adults. During this period, many
psychological activities— language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor
coordination, and social learning, for example
—are just beginning.
•
Early childhood is the developmental period from the end of infancy to age
5 or 6. This period is sometimes called the “preschool years.” During this
, PSY 3341 FINAL EXAM GUIDE-HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2022/2023 UPDATE
time, young children learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for
themselves, develop school readiness
