Criminology Unit 2 AC4.1 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Psychoanalysis and Treatment (I Freud) where patients verbalise their thoughts, through a variety of methods aims to access unconscious mind, repressed thoughts, believed to have led to criminal activity assumptions: psychological problems, caused during development or repressed trauma in unconscious - want to bring thoughts to conscious mind (patients talks whatever comes to their mind Psychoanalysis and Treatment. Does it work? time consuming + unlikely to provide quick answers there are few positive evaluations patient could discover very painful memories that were deliberately repressed Behaviour Modification (I SLT) focuses on techniques to extinguish undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones. Reinforced behaviours = are strengthened, behaviours that are punished = weakened (punished to weaken thought process leading to illegal behaviour Behaviour Modification, Token Economy token given for desired actions and can be exchanged for goods or prisoners that follow rules can earn privileges 'earned privilege scheme' so prisoners might be able to get visits from family and friends or spend money each week = rewarded for desirable behaviour + punished for undesirable behaviour Behaviour Modification, does it work? Fo + O'Donnell (1975) devised a 'buddy system' adult volunteers assigned to young offenders to provide consistent reinforcement. it has improved behaviour of serious offenders, its impacts on those with less serious offences were mixed token economy - suggests it has short term effectiveness with both young and adult offenders. however not worked in longer term. Other treatments or polices (Individualistic) social skills training - aims to improve skills in order to avoid offending + become socially competent. but does not work long term anger management - aims to avoid violent offences taking place by people unable to control anger. Navaco (1975) suggest offenders can't deal with their anger and express it in a antisocial way. It's used to help offenders deal more effectively with feelings of anger Neurochemicals (B) influencing brains chemistry by diet Gesch ET AL 2002 - prisoners volunteered to receive either a vitamin or mineral or a placebo drug - results: 35% drop in incidences (vitamin), only 6.7% for placebo research shows it's possible for diet to impact positively on aggression, which could result in lower crime levels Virkkunen (1987)found violent offenders had lower serotonin levels + can be treated by diet e.g salmon + fresh tuna are a good source of serotonin Schoenthaler (1982) found reduced sugar diet reduces anti social behaviour by 48% Neurochemicals and sex offenders pilot scheme provided chemical castration for sex offenders (so that biology of criminals can't be passed on). Her Majesty's prison, the volunteers were given pills or anti libidinal drugs = to reduce their sex drive Eugenics (b)the science of improving pop. by controlled breeding to increase the chance of desirable heritable chatracteristics claimed that: person's personality/ behaviour is caused by genes Nazi sterilisation program - incarcerated criminals prevented from reproducing Osborne + West (1970's) found 40% of boys who had criminal records has dads who had criminal records themselves Due to ethical reasons this is unlikely to impact the UK policy. However in the UK in 2015, a judge ordered a mother that had special needs, who had 6 children to be sterilised Death Penalty (b)most extreme biologically driven policy of a capital punishment or state execution. 1032 people were executed in 2016. in the UK it was temporary abolished + last murder took place in 1969 does it work? statistic in the USA show that states that do not have death penalty have lower murder rates. in 2015 - 25% murder rates were higher in death penalty states Penal Populism (s) laws that people should be punished - concern of lack of 'hard' punishments. started after James Bulger case when people became concerned with violent crimes in the community and media said about need not to be soft on crime UK - had the most life sentences compared to Europe Tony Blair - 'tough on crime and tough on causes of crime'. introduced punitive laws 'laws that intended to be punished' or 3 strikes and you're out within England and Wales 3rd drug trafficking gives you 7 years in prison Prison (s) controls crime by imprisonment Prison, does it work? England + Wales have the highest imprisonment in Western Europe, 147 people per 100,000 of pop. Between 1993 + 2015 prison pop. nearly doubled there is no correlation between prison numbers + level of crime, 46% will return within 1 year short prison sentences are less effective prison system has overcrowded since 1994 costs the economy between £9.5 + £13 billion annually Zero Tolerance (s) demand all crime is acted on - favoured by right realists strategy - broken windows - link between disorder + crime, such as putting up signs to prevent future crime happening (so they respect the area) Zero tolerance, does it work? + = New York 1993, major crime fell by 39% + murder by 49% UK = crime cut down by 20% in 18 months, showed a 22% fall - = there are consequences of aggressive policing, including accusations by police There is a case of rational tension when people feel victimised the case in the USA Restorative Justice (s) a voluntary process involving the person who suffered + person that harmed. trained facilitators work with victims + offenders talk about what happened + what can be done to repair harm used by prisoners + police force Restorative Justice, does it work? allows the victim to have a voice in criminal justice system (2017 study) research found it reduces post - traumatic disorder in victims + can motivate offender to turn away from crime - reduces re offending by 14% + provides value for money government spending CCTV (s) criminal investigation one of the first requests of the police can identify criminal - but can be difficult if there is no CCTV tries to prevent crime CCTV, does it work? is a small, but statistical significant reduction in crime. effective as directed at reducing crime like theft e.g from vehicles has no impact on violent crime can be used as evidence of what happened can identify suspects e.g James Bulger was led away by 2 boys + shows us looters in London riots 2011 Multi-agency Approach cooperation between agencies working in the criminal justice system, important in order to increase to increase risk of detecting crime domestic abuse can be prevented with aid of many agencies working together motto - preventing crime is a task for the whole community, can't be tacked by police or agency on it's own EXAMPLES - police working with security, Trading standards + Environmental health to reduce alcohol disorder offences