NURSING MSN 570 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 CELLULAR BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 Cellular Biology
Phagocytosis- or cell eating, occurs when this
B) Cellular Permeability:
process involves solid particles.
Is the ability of the cell to allow passage of some
substances through the membrane, while not
Pinocytosis- or cell drinking, takes place
permitting others to enter or exit.
when this process involves a liquid.
Some substances have free passage in and out of the
cells, including enzymes, glucose, and electrolytes. Osmosis- is the movement of water or any
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical other solvent across the cellular membrane
reactions in cells, while glucose is a sugar molecule from an area of low solute concentration or
that provides energy. Electrolytes are chemicals that high water to an area of high solute
are charged conductors when they are dissolved in concentration or low water.
water. Failure of these exchange mechanisms can
lead to the development of disease. Osmotic and hydrostatic pressure - help
regulate fluid balance in the body; an
Diffusion - is the movement of solutes—that example can be found in the functioning of
is, particles dissolved in a solvent—from an the kidneys.
area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. Simple diffusion will Oncotic pressure- is created by plasma
occur until the concentration gradient, which proteins—particularly albumin—and is
is the difference in concentrations of similar to osmotic pressure as higher pressure
substances on either side of the membrane, is draws water in.
equal on each side. Solution is made of a
solvent and solutes. Solvents dissolve solutes. Hydrostatic pressure- is created by water
In the human body, the solvent is usually pushing against the cellular membrane,
water, and the solutes are particles such as forcing the water out, which is the opposite of
sodium, potassium, glucose, urea, and osmotic pressure, which, when higher, draws
oxygen. water in.
Active Transport- is the movement of a Osmolality -is the preferred term when
substance from an area of lower referring to fluids inside the body. Measured
concentration to an area of higher with osmometer. Normal serum range is 282–
concentration, against a concentration 295.
gradient. This movement involves a carrier
molecule, like facilitated diffusion, but Osmolarity is best used to describe fluids
energy, usually in the form of adenosine outside the body.
triphosphate (ATP), is required because of
the effort necessary to go against the Osmolal gap- is a difference between the
gradient. measured osmolality and the calculated
osmolality.
Endocytosis- is the process of bringing a
substance into the cell that is too large to go Exocytosis- is the release of materials
by other mechanisms. Components of the (typically large particles) from the cell onto
immune system use endocytosis, particularly the cell membrane, usually with the
phagocytosis, to consume and destroy
bacteria and other foreign material.
, NURSING MSN 570 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 CELLULAR BIOLOGY
assistance of a vesicle (a membrane-bound as a measure of response to therapy.
sac).
Energy Production: Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
Energy is needed to fuel cellular activity. A chromosome - consists of deoxyribonucleic
Cells can obtain energy from two main acid (DNA) and histone and nonhistone
sources—the breakdown of glucose (a proteins. Chromosomes have a well-defined
type of carbohydrate) and the breakdown structure. The
of triglycerides (a type of fat). centromere is an area where the
chromosomes are attached.
Process: Food enters the gastrointestinal
tract, where it is broken down into sugars, Centromere – gives a chromosome its shape,
amino acids, and fatty acids These and because of the shape, genes can be more
substances then are either converted to easily located.
larger molecules (e.g., glucose to
glycogen, amino acids to proteins, and DNA- consists of a nucleotide where genetic
fatty acids to triglycerides and fats), codes are stored.
stored until needed, or metabolized to
make ATP. When used to make ATP, Nucleotide - double helix strand (it looks like
all three sources of energy (amino acids, a twisted rope ladder) made of a sugar
sugars, fatty acids) must first be molecule and phosphate (forms the ladder
converted. Sugars, through the process of sides) attached to a nitrogen containing base
glycolysis (splitting), becomes pyruvate (forms the ladder steps).
in the cytoplasm. If oxygen is present
(i.e., through an aerobic process), Chromatin- DNA that is combined and
pyruvate then becomes acetyl coenzyme wrapped around the histone proteins.
A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is also
derived from amino acids and fatty acids. 99% DNA -NUCLEUS
1% of DNA – Mitochondria
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle or
tricarboxylic cycle)- which is a high- Genome- complete set of DNA and genes.
electron-producing process that occurs in
the mitochondria, these molecules go Base pair- Adenine/Thymine
through a complex series of reactions that
result in the production of large amounts Genotype- Transmitted gene information
of ATP.
Karyotype- Blueprint
Lactate - is produced from lactic acid and can
be used as a measure of disease severity. Phenotype- Detectable outward expression of
the genotype. Only about 1% of DNA has
Lactate levels - can rise and can eventually genes that make up a person.
lead to lactic acidosis. Lactate levels are used
as a measure of disease severity and outcome
or
CHAPTER 1 Cellular Biology
Phagocytosis- or cell eating, occurs when this
B) Cellular Permeability:
process involves solid particles.
Is the ability of the cell to allow passage of some
substances through the membrane, while not
Pinocytosis- or cell drinking, takes place
permitting others to enter or exit.
when this process involves a liquid.
Some substances have free passage in and out of the
cells, including enzymes, glucose, and electrolytes. Osmosis- is the movement of water or any
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical other solvent across the cellular membrane
reactions in cells, while glucose is a sugar molecule from an area of low solute concentration or
that provides energy. Electrolytes are chemicals that high water to an area of high solute
are charged conductors when they are dissolved in concentration or low water.
water. Failure of these exchange mechanisms can
lead to the development of disease. Osmotic and hydrostatic pressure - help
regulate fluid balance in the body; an
Diffusion - is the movement of solutes—that example can be found in the functioning of
is, particles dissolved in a solvent—from an the kidneys.
area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. Simple diffusion will Oncotic pressure- is created by plasma
occur until the concentration gradient, which proteins—particularly albumin—and is
is the difference in concentrations of similar to osmotic pressure as higher pressure
substances on either side of the membrane, is draws water in.
equal on each side. Solution is made of a
solvent and solutes. Solvents dissolve solutes. Hydrostatic pressure- is created by water
In the human body, the solvent is usually pushing against the cellular membrane,
water, and the solutes are particles such as forcing the water out, which is the opposite of
sodium, potassium, glucose, urea, and osmotic pressure, which, when higher, draws
oxygen. water in.
Active Transport- is the movement of a Osmolality -is the preferred term when
substance from an area of lower referring to fluids inside the body. Measured
concentration to an area of higher with osmometer. Normal serum range is 282–
concentration, against a concentration 295.
gradient. This movement involves a carrier
molecule, like facilitated diffusion, but Osmolarity is best used to describe fluids
energy, usually in the form of adenosine outside the body.
triphosphate (ATP), is required because of
the effort necessary to go against the Osmolal gap- is a difference between the
gradient. measured osmolality and the calculated
osmolality.
Endocytosis- is the process of bringing a
substance into the cell that is too large to go Exocytosis- is the release of materials
by other mechanisms. Components of the (typically large particles) from the cell onto
immune system use endocytosis, particularly the cell membrane, usually with the
phagocytosis, to consume and destroy
bacteria and other foreign material.
, NURSING MSN 570 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 CELLULAR BIOLOGY
assistance of a vesicle (a membrane-bound as a measure of response to therapy.
sac).
Energy Production: Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
Energy is needed to fuel cellular activity. A chromosome - consists of deoxyribonucleic
Cells can obtain energy from two main acid (DNA) and histone and nonhistone
sources—the breakdown of glucose (a proteins. Chromosomes have a well-defined
type of carbohydrate) and the breakdown structure. The
of triglycerides (a type of fat). centromere is an area where the
chromosomes are attached.
Process: Food enters the gastrointestinal
tract, where it is broken down into sugars, Centromere – gives a chromosome its shape,
amino acids, and fatty acids These and because of the shape, genes can be more
substances then are either converted to easily located.
larger molecules (e.g., glucose to
glycogen, amino acids to proteins, and DNA- consists of a nucleotide where genetic
fatty acids to triglycerides and fats), codes are stored.
stored until needed, or metabolized to
make ATP. When used to make ATP, Nucleotide - double helix strand (it looks like
all three sources of energy (amino acids, a twisted rope ladder) made of a sugar
sugars, fatty acids) must first be molecule and phosphate (forms the ladder
converted. Sugars, through the process of sides) attached to a nitrogen containing base
glycolysis (splitting), becomes pyruvate (forms the ladder steps).
in the cytoplasm. If oxygen is present
(i.e., through an aerobic process), Chromatin- DNA that is combined and
pyruvate then becomes acetyl coenzyme wrapped around the histone proteins.
A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is also
derived from amino acids and fatty acids. 99% DNA -NUCLEUS
1% of DNA – Mitochondria
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle or
tricarboxylic cycle)- which is a high- Genome- complete set of DNA and genes.
electron-producing process that occurs in
the mitochondria, these molecules go Base pair- Adenine/Thymine
through a complex series of reactions that
result in the production of large amounts Genotype- Transmitted gene information
of ATP.
Karyotype- Blueprint
Lactate - is produced from lactic acid and can
be used as a measure of disease severity. Phenotype- Detectable outward expression of
the genotype. Only about 1% of DNA has
Lactate levels - can rise and can eventually genes that make up a person.
lead to lactic acidosis. Lactate levels are used
as a measure of disease severity and outcome
or
