***Exam 3 Study Guide*** NUR 2349: Professional Nursing I MODULE 6: IMMUNITY (Latest 2023 / 2024)

Chapter 17: Inflammation and Immunity  Allergies  True allergic reaction vs. side effects:  A true allergic reaction occurs when your body sees something as harmful and rejects it.  You can have pruritis, urticaria, redness, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy and watery eyes, crackles, wheezes, hoarseness, stridor, blood vessel dilation, decreased cardiac output, bronchoconstriction, and anaphylaxis.  Adverse reaction.  A side effect is a sensitivity and is not life-threating.  It can include nausea, decreased energy, muscle aches, coughing, constipation, diarrhea, easy bruising, ringing in the ears, or stuffy nose.  Angioedema may occur which is edema in lips, face, tongue, larynx, neck. Generally caused by ACE inhibitors or NSAIDs.  Something that isn’t detrimental.  Anaphylactic shock (definition, care, etc.):  Anaphylaxis is life-threatening reaction to a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction which occurs rapidly and systemically.  Common causes are drugs, dyes, food, and insects.  Nursing interventions include maintaining the airway, administering epinephrine, and education on avoiding of allergen exposure and use of epinephrine.  The patient may need more than one shot of epinephrine.  Remove and prevent allergen exposure if possible.  Pharmacologic:  Diphenhydramine/Benadryl  Corticosteroids  Epinephrine  Antihistamines  Leukotriene inhibitors  Mast cell stabilizers  Decongestants  Allergy Shots  Inflammation  Pathophysiological process: (Cause of tissue damage.)  Stage 1: Vascular response with blood vessel changes. Constriction of small veins and dilation of arterioles. Redness and warmth. Increased blood flow to the affected area which leads to edema and capillary leak. Macrophage is the major cell type involved and releases cytokines that stimulate more WBC production.  Stage 2: Cellular exudate. Exudate (pus) forms which contains dead WBCs, necrotic tissue, and fluids. Neutrophils secondary to cytokines from macrophages. Basophils and mast cells sustain and continue initial responses. This stage may occur for several days.  Stage 3: Tissue repair and replacement. WBCs induce the remaining he