Social Psychology 2023 with verified questions and answers

Social Psychology The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence, and are influenced by, the behavior of others Just-World Bias Term referring to people's want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice Attribution Theory A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent rather than external factors Central Route to Persuasion When a person is persuaded by the content of the message Peripheral Route to Persuasion When the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message such as images Foot-in-the-Door Compliance Strategy Technique is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request Cognitive Dissonance Theory A theory asserting that attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tension caused by inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors Self-Perception Theory A theory suggesting that attitudes can change as people consider their behavior in certain situations and then infer what their attitude must be Philip Zimbardo (Stanford P.E.) Studied how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life Attitudes A predisposition toward a particular cognitive, emotional, or behavioral reaction to objects Self-Schemata's Refers to a long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person's beliefs, experiences and generalizations about the self, in specific behavioral domains Self-Fulfilling Prophecy A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior Actor-Observer Bias A term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes Attraction Research Refers to positive feelings about another person Sternberg's Theory of Love In the context of interpersonal relationships, there are three components of love: an intimacy component, a passion component, and a commitment component Ethnocentrism Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture In-Group Bias Tendency to favor one's own group Out-Group Bias Humans categorize thing, the minute we meet someone we begin placing them into a variety of categories such as male/female, tall/short, attractive/unattractive, intelligent/unintelligent, etc Racism The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races Prejudice An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason Stereotype Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing Discrimination Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex Scapegoat A person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place Implicit Association Test Measures the strength of associations between concepts and evaluations Just World Theory The idea that people need to believe one will get what one deserves so strongly that they will rationalize an inexplicable injustice by naming things the victim might have done to deserve it Authoritarian Personality A state of mind or attitude characterized by belief in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority, as well as the administration of that belief through the oppression of one's subordinates Frustration-Aggression Theory A psychological theory that aggression is caused by blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to achieve a goal Automatic Mimicry Influence observable behaviors as well. For example, waiters who verbally mimic their customers' orders (by repeating the order) receive bigger tips than when they say something else instead Normative Social Influence The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them Social Facilitation The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone Social Loafing The phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone DE Individualization A concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention Group Polarization The phenomenon that when placed in group situations, people will make decisions and form opinions to more of an extreme than when they are in individual situations Group Think Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome Conformity/Compliance A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure Group Norms Unspoken and often unwritten set of informal rules that govern individual behaviors in a group Stanley Milgram (Experiment) He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on "obedience" - that they were just following orders from their superiors Obedience Studies Compliance with commands given by an authority figure Task Oriented Leader A behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals, or to achieve a certain performance standard Person Oriented Leader Inspire employees to meet an organization's goals by helping them feel better about their work and stay positive about their careers Conflict A serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one Realistic Conflict Theory Used to explain the conflict, negative prejudices, and discrimination that occur between groups of people who are in competition for the same resources Altruism The belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others Bystander Effect A social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present Social Exchange Theory Explains how we feel about a relationship with another person as depending on our perceptions Reciprocity Norm The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms Social Responsibility Norm Tells people they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly Social Trap (Zero Sum Game) A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole Cost Reward Theory Suggests that people feel upset when they see a person in need and are motivated to do something to reduce the unpleasant arousal Prisoner's Dilemma A situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime Social Dilemmas A situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses Mere Exposure Effect A psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them False Consensus Effect An attributional type of cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others Super Ordinate Goal Require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups Social Impairment A distinct dissociation from and lack of involvement in relations with other people