AP Psych: Social Psychology 20123 with complete solution questions and answers

Social Psychology subfield in psychology that deals with how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by our social interactions with others Social Perception processes by which we form impressions, make judgements, and develop attitudes about the people and events that constitute our social world Impression Formation process of developing an opinion or impression of another person Social Schema mental image or representation that we use to understand our social environment Stereotypes oversimplified generalizations about the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of members of a particular group Self-Fulfilling Prophecy exception that helps bring about the outcome that is expected Attribution assumption about the causes of behavior or events Dispositional Causes causes relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals Situational Causes causes relating to external or environmental events Fundamental Attribution Error tendency to attribute behavior to internal caues without regard to situational influences Actor-Observer Effect tendency to attribute the causes of one's own behavior to situational factors while attributing the causes of other people's behavior to internal factors or dispositions Self-Serving Bias tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and to explain away our failures or disappointments Attitude positive or negative evaluation of persons, objects, or issues Elaboration Likelihood Model theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change: a central route and a peripheral route Attraction feelings of liking for others, together with having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act toward them in positive ways Matching Hypothesis belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other characteristics Proximity nearness or propinquity Reciprocity principle that people tend to like others who like them back Prosocial Behavior behavior that benefits others Bystander Intervention helping a stranger in distress Social Norms standards that define what is socially acceptable in a given situation Prejudice preconceived opinion or attitude about an issue, person, or group Discrimination unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category In-Groups social, religious, ethnic, or national groups with which one identifies Out-Groups groups other than those with which one identifies Out-Group Negativism cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups In-Group Favoritism cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to membes of in-groups than to those of out-groups Out-Group Homogeneity cognitive bias describing the tendency to preceive members of out-groups as more alike than members of in-groups Authoritarian Personality personality type characterized by rigidity, prejudice, and excessive concerns with obedience and respect for authority Contact Hypothesis Allport's belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension Frustration negative emotional state experienced when one's efforts to perceived social pressures Compliance tendency to accede to the requests or demands of others Social Validation tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior Foot-In-The-Door Technique compliance technique based on securing compliance with a smaller request as a prelude to making a larger request Bait-And-Switch Technique compliance technique based on "baiting" an individual by making an inrealistically attractive offer and then replacing it with a less attractive offer Low-Ball Technique compliance technique based on obtaining a person's initial agreement to purchase an item at a lower price before revealing hidden costs that raise the ultimate price Door-In-The-Face Technique compliance technique in which refusal of a large technique in which refusal of a large unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request Obedience compliance with commands or orders issued by others, usually persons in a position of authority Legitimization Of Authority tendency to grant legitimacy to the orders or commands of persons in authority Racism negative bias held toward others based on their ethnicity or racial identification Stereotype Threat sense of threat evoked in members of stereotyped groups when they believed they may be judged or treated stereotypically Personal Identity part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as unique individuals Social Identity part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups Conformity tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures Social Facilitation tendency to work better or harder in the presence of others than when alone Social Loafing tendency to expend less effort when working as a member of a group than when working alone Deindividuation loss of self awareness that may occur when one acts in concert with the actions of a crowd Group Polarization tendency for members of decision-making groups to shift toward more extreme views in whatever direction they were initially learning Risky-Shift Phenomenon type of group polarization effect in which a group discussion leads to the adoption of a riskier course of action than the members would have endorsed initially Groupthink Janis's term for the tendency of members of a decision-making group to be more focused on reaching a consensus than on critically examing the issues at hand Telecommuting form of working at home in which people communicate with their home office and clients via computer or telecommunication Organizational Culture system of shared values and norms within and organization