Social Psychology- Final Exam 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

The pluralistic approach to social psychology​ Answers: a. ​limits the kinds of topics that social psychologists can study. b. ​emphasizes the motivational more than the cognitive underpinnings of behavior. c. ​encourages research outside of controlled settings. d. ​has been supplanted by other approaches in the past 30 years. encourages research outside of controlled settings. A hypothesis provides a means of ____ a theory.​ Answers: a. ​testing b. ​generalizing c. ​creating d. ​proving Testing A major difference between social psychology and sociology is Answers: a. ​whether the focus is on the individual or the group. b. ​whether the scientific method is applied. c. ​an emphasis on how social context and behavior. d. ​the number of variables explored. ​whether the focus is on the individual or the group. A study that examines existing records or databases is referred to as a(n)​ Answers: a. ​anecdotal study. b. ​survey. c. ​archival study. d. ​case study. archival study. "Moms prefer Brand X of peanut butter," a commercial claim. Sarah wonders what other brands were used as the comparison group. Which benefit of learning about research methods is Sarah displaying?​ Answers: a. ​better understanding of studies b. ​critical evaluation of information c. ​enhanced self-esteem d. ​better memory for the results of studies ​critical evaluation of information An explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur is a(n)​ Answers: a. ​independent variable. b. ​theory. c. ​correlation coefficient. d. ​hypothesis. d. ​hypothesis. It is probably fair to say that​ Selected Answer: Answers: a. ​strict adherence to scientific methods reduce but do not eliminate human biases in social psychology. b. ​most social psychologists believe they have a moral imperative to study important topics even if doing so poses high risk for the study participants. c. ​social psychology research is devoid of human biases. d. ​institutional review boards have had little effect on the types of research conducted by social psychologists. a. ​strict adherence to scientific methods reduce but do not eliminate human biases in social psychology. Experiments require all of the following except​ Answers: a. ​control over experimental procedures. b. ​that the research be conducted in a tightly controlled laboratory environment. c. ​manipulation of an independent variable. d. ​equal treatment of participants aside from the manipulation of the independent variable. b. ​that the research be conducted in a tightly controlled laboratory environment. The best solution to the problem of experimenter expectancy effects is​ Answers: a. ​strict attention to random assignment. b. ​the use of different experimenters in different conditions. c. ​keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment. d. ​letting participants choose their own condition. c. ​keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment. Social psychologists typically Answers: a. avoid studying individuals in favor of groups.​​ b. ​focus their studies on behavior only. c. ​view behavior in the same ways as sociologists. d. ​use the scientific method in their research. d. ​use the scientific method in their research. An individual's deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher's description of what will be required during such participation, is called​ Answers: a. ​referential validity. b. ​implied permission. c. ​communicated assent. d. ​informed consent. d. ​informed consent Brad is a social psychologist. Marion is a sociologist. Which research question is most likely of interest to both of them? Answers: a. ​Can an authority figure influence people to act in ways that they normally would not? b. ​Do different socioeconomic groups express different political attitudes? c. ​How does positive and negative feedback impact conceptions of the self? d. ​How do societal factors influence racial differences in academic achievement? d. ​How do societal factors influence racial differences in academic achievement? What does it mean to say that an experiment has two independent variables?​ Answers: a. ​The researcher has created a study with two different conditions. b. ​The effects of one variable in the study have nothing to do with the effects of the other variable. c. ​The researcher has come up with two different measures to take in order to test the hypothesis. d. ​The researcher is manipulating two different variables in the course of the study. d. ​The researcher is manipulating two different variables in the course of the study. A confound is a serious threat to ____ validity. Answers: a. ​internal b. ​construct c. ​external d. ​content a. ​internal An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena is called a(n)​ Answers: a. ​hypothesis. b. ​personal bias. c. ​theory. d. ​educated guess. c. ​theory. Which statement describes a central characteristic of social psychology? Answers: a. ​Social psychology emphasizes the solitary nature of human behavior. b. ​Social psychology assumes that thoughts and behaviors are influenced by other people. c. ​Social psychology uses historical events as its primary source of data. d. ​Social psychology focuses more on the behavior of groups than on that of individuals. b. ​Social psychology assumes that thoughts and behaviors are influenced by other people. All social psychological research must begin with a(n)​ Answers: a. ​question. b. ​subject variable. c. ​independent variable. d. ​control group. a. ​question. Sarai studies stereotypes and prejudice; Kevin studies how people learn about themselves by comparing themselves to others. Sarai and Kevin probably feel particular gratitude to _____ and _____, respectively, for helping to establish these areas in social psychology.​ Answers: a. ​Gordon Allport, Leon Festinger b. ​Leon Festinger; Muzafer Sherif c. ​Muzafer Sherif; Solomon Asch d. ​Solomon Asch; Gordon Allport a. ​Gordon Allport, Leon Festinger Any institution seeking federal funding for research involving human participants must have a(n) __________ to ensure those participants' well-being.​ Answers: a. ​right and well-being assurance group b. ​ethical insurance committee c. ​human participants' safety board d. ​institutional review board d. ​institutional review board The role of natural selection processes in the development of social behavior is a primary concern in​ Answers: a. ​evolutionary psychology. b. ​social cognition. c. ​personality psychology. d. ​behavioral genetics. a. ​evolutionary psychology. the general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another is social ____.​ Answers: a. ​influence b. ​attribution c. ​perception d. ​cognition c. ​perception The primacy effect refers to the tendency for​ Answers: a. ​perceivers to choose to make personal versus situational attributions as a function of which type is initially available b. ​people's impressions of others to be influenced by their memory of events that have just recently occurred. c. ​people's impressions of others to be more affected by information that is learned early rather than late in a sequence. d. ​people to first make situational attributions and then, only later, to insufficiently correct these attributions so as to take dispositions into account. c. ​people's impressions of others to be more affected by information that is learned early rather than late in a sequence. According to the facial ____ hypothesis, changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion. Answers: a. ​loop b. ​backtrack c. ​information d. ​feedback d. ​feedback Carlos is nervous about giving a class presentation because he doesn't think he can communicate very well with everyone watching him. If Carlos attempts to deal with his anxiety by self-handicapping, he will most likely answers: a. ​rehearse his presentation in front of a group of friends. b. ​stay out all night partying the night before the presentation. c. ​compare himself to others who are eloquent speakers. d. ​rehearse his presentation in front of a mirror. b. ​stay out all night partying the night before the presentation. The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges in order to live an acceptable life is called​​ Answers: a. ​self-regulation. b. ​self-verification. c. ​self-handicapping. d. ​self-presentation. ​self-regulation. People most often and easily differentiate each other based on which dimension?​ Answers: a. ​warm vs. cold b. ​kind vs. mean c. ​introvert vs. extrovert d. ​positive vs. negative ​warm vs. cold All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for a study of social perception except​ Answers: a. ​a person's behavior. b. ​accounts given by others about a person. c. ​a person's physical appearance. d. ​knowledge of what situation a person is in. ​accounts given by others about a person. Scripts are often culture-specific. This means that​ Answers: a. ​the ability to execute the script is related to experience. b. ​the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures. c. ​there is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures. d. ​the more general the script, the greater cross-cultural consistency it has. ​the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures. One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because we​ Answers: a. ​are motivated to believe that others are telling the truth. b. ​focus too much attention on nonverbal cues and not enough on verbal cues. c. ​need to be able to detect deception in order to gain evolutionary advantage. d. ​fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception. ​fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception. Self-esteem is all of the following except​ Answers: a. ​an emotionally charged component of the self-concept. b. ​a single, stable disposition. c. ​a state of mind that can change depending on the situation. d. ​responsive to success and failure. ​a single, stable disposition. In terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase "reminiscence bump" refer?​ Answers: a. ​Older adults tend to retrieve a larger number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood than other periods of life. b. ​The more negative the memory, the more likely it is to be remembered. c. ​People tend to remember a wide range of "firsts" in recounting their personal experiences. d. ​Once people turn a certain age, they start to forget many of the events that happened to them in earlier stages of life. ​Older adults tend to retrieve a larger number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood than other periods of life. "Turn that frown upside down," Jarvis's mother told him when he looked sad. "If you smile you'll start to cheer up." Is she right? Answers: a. ​No. The self-perception theory says that our internal state is unrelated to our outward expressions. b. ​Definitely, although it only works with very young children and not adults. c. ​Not likely. Downward social referencing suggests that if Jarvis begins to smile he will start thinking about the thing she should not be happy about. d. ​Probably. The facial feedback hypothesis says that emotions can change based on different facial expressions. ​Probably. The facial feedback hypothesis says that emotions can change based on different facial expressions. When a person wants to be liked more than they want to be perceived as competent, which self-presentation strategy should be employed? Answers: a. ​self-verification b. ​ingratiation c. ​self-promotion d. ​self-monitoring ​ingratiation Research has consistently demonstrated that when it comes to perceptions of the self, people have a tendency to Answers: a. ​rate themselves less positively than others rate them. b. ​rate negative traits as more self-descriptive than positive ones. c. ​exaggerate their control over life events. d. ​underestimate their intellectual and social abilities. ​exaggerate their control over life events. People's spontaneous self-descriptions are most likely to include​ Answers: a. ​characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity. b. ​their age, regardless of their social surroundings. c. ​their gender, regardless of their social surroundings. d. ​characteristics that make them seem similar to others in the immediate vicinity. ​characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity. Cross-cultural differences in the perception of nonverbal behavior are least prevalent in which of the following types of judgments?​ Answers: a. ​inferences drawn regarding eye contact b. ​evaluations of emotions and facial features c. ​interpretations of head-nodding and hand signals d. ​preference for personal space ​evaluations of emotions and facial features Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication? Answers: a. ​spoken words b. ​voice pitch c. ​body posture d. ​facial expression ​voice pitch Dara loves to paint in her spare time. Painting is an enjoyable activity for her, and she requires no reward from anyone else to make beautiful pictures. Her desire to paint may best be explained by​ Answers: a. ​intrinsic motivation. b. ​extrinsic motivation. c. ​need-driven motivation. d. ​self-verification motivation. ​intrinsic motivation. All of the following are examples of micro stressors except Answers: a. natural disasters. b. noisy neighbors. c. traffic. d. waiting in a long line. natural disasters. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute​ Answers: a. ​another person's behavior to situational factors rather than to personal factors. b. ​one's own behavior to the situation rather than to personal factors. c. ​another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation. d. ​one's own behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation. . ​another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation. While watching a political debate on television, Martha, who describes herself as very conservative, is watching as the liberal candidate answers a question. When the candidate makes strong points that are backed up by logic, Martha rolls her eyes and doesn't say a word. When the candidate makes one minor error, Martha yells, "See I told you she doesn't know what she's talking about. All of those liberals are idiots!" Martha is demonstrating the​​ Answers: a. ​confirmation bias. b. ​availability heuristic. c. ​self-serving bias. d. ​need for closure. ​confirmation bias. The habitual tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are stable, global, and internal is characteristic of Answers: a. optimism. b. Type A behavior style. c. hardiness. d. a depressive explanatory style. a depressive explanatory style. "The biology of hope" (described by Norman Cousins, 1989) says that Answers: a. positive expectations can be self-fulfilling. b. positive expectations lead to optimism. c. negative expectations are inevitable. d. when there's hope, there's life. positive expectations can be self-fulfilling. he study of human behavior in the workplace defines the field of answers: a. experimental psychology. b. economic/applied psychology. c. clinical psychology. d. industrial/organizational psychology. industrial/organizational psychology. Cognitive and behavioral efforts to reduce the distress produced by a stressful situation are called ____ coping. Answers: a. problem-focused b. proactive c. emotion-focused d. reactive emotion-focused The advantage of structured rather than traditional interviews when screening applicants is that an employer Answers: a. has more flexibility to pursue interesting lines of questioning in the interview. b. can use integrity tests and/or polygraph tests as part of the interview procedure. c. can get a better implicit understanding of each applicant. d. can avoid conducting biased interviews. can avoid conducting biased interviews. Mismatches between a leader's personal style and the demands of the situation are most likely to lead to Answers: a. increased job stress and stress-related illnesses. b. low rates of employee absenteeism. c. increased leader competence. d. high situational control. increased job stress and stress-related illnesses. Though occasional victories can elevate one's happiness level, and setbacks can decrease it, research finds that people have a(n) ____ of happiness. This refers to a basic level of happiness that serves as a baseline of happiness to which that person gravitates. Answers: a. all static load b. set point c. equilibrium d. homeostasis set point Because applicants try to present themselves in the best light, traditional employment interviews often lack Answers: a. construct validity. b. predictive validity. c. reliability. d. standardization. predictive validity. The practice of obtaining multiple evaluations of an individual worker from supervisors, peers, and subordinates is known as a ____ appraisal. Answers: a. recombinant b. multidirectional c. circular d. 360-degree 360-degree Which statement best characterizes the relationship between stress and illness? Answers: a. Stress increases levels of adrenaline and other hormones that suppress immune cell activity and increase susceptibility to illness. b. Stress increases the negative attributions that people make, and negative attributions can become self-fulfilling prophecies. c. Under high levels of stress, people tend to sleep too much, which weakens the immune system and makes illness more likely. d. Stress increases the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream, which diminishes the body's ability to fight off disease. Stress increases levels of adrenaline and other hormones that suppress immune cell activity and increase susceptibility to illness. Anything that causes an unpleasant state of arousal that arises when we perceive that the demands of a situation threaten our ability to cope effectively is known as a(n) answers: a. stressor. b. social support. c. alarm reaction. d. major life event. stressor. A structured interview is similar to a standardized test in that both Answers: a. require applicants to first pass rigorous pre-screening procedures before they can be administered. b. are potentially compromised by subjective judgments of the interviewer. c. involve collecting the same information in the same way from all applicants. d. maximize an employer's impact on potential applicants. involve collecting the same information in the same way from all applicants. A controversial practice by which an employer investigates a prospective employee by getting informal, non-institutional data about that person by using the Internet is called ______. Answers: a. 360 examination b. integrity testing c. web interviewing d. cybervetting . cybervetting A leader who sets clear goals for her followers, rewarding those who live up to their end of the bargain, providing assistance, and meeting workers' psychological needs, is known as a(n) _____ leader. answers: a. normative b. transformational c. transactional d. autocratic transactional Cognitive and behavioral efforts to alter a stressful situation are called ____ coping. Answers: a. emotion-focused b. problem-focused c. proactive d. efficacious problem-focused The idea that leadership effectiveness is determined both by the personal characteristics of leaders and the control afforded by the situation is most consistent with the Answers: a. great person theory. b. transformational model. c. contingency model. d. expectancy theory. contingency model. Efforts to reduce stress are known as answers: a. explanatory style. b. coping. c. adaptation. d. appraisal. coping. The Hawthorne effect refers to Answers: a. the relationship between working conditions and job satisfaction. b. the fact that employees become so engaged in their work that they are immune to environmental manipulations. c. the tendency for bright levels of illumination to decrease worker productivity. d. the finding that workers who were given special attention increased their productivity regardless of what actual changes were made in the work setting. the finding that workers who were given special attention increased their productivity regardless of what actual changes were made in the work setting. The biological explanation for the correlation between optimism and physical health focuses on Answers: a. the immune system. b. genetic heritability. c. alcohol consumption. d. risky behaviors and adrenaline. the immune system. Though women are at least as likely as men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically Answers: a. results from alcohol abuse. b. has more severe consequences. c. emerges in the face of provocation. d. is sexual in nature. has more severe consequences. The tendency to perceive hostile intent in the actions of others is called Answers: a. the hostile attribution bias. b. aggression cultivation. c. emotional aggression. d. excitation transfer . the hostile attribution bias. A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies Answers: a. would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. b. would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures. c. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. d. should examine the genetic similarity between relatives who show high levels of aggression. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. All of the following are potential motivations that underlie punishment in the criminal justice system except Answers: a. ​deterrence. b. nullification. c. incapacitation. d. ​retribution. nullification. ​Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as ____ aggression. Answers: a. ​reactive b. emotional c. ​proactive d. relational proactive Which is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response? Answers: a. embarrassment b. guilt c. social rejection d. kindness c. social rejection Pre-trial publicity tends to produce a bias against defendants because Answers: a. information in news reports usually comes from police or district attorneys. b. ​people assume that defendants are guilty until proven innocent. c. most people charged with crimes really are guilty. d. the publicity makes the defendant seem more familiar, resulting in a familiarity-induced bias. information in news reports usually comes from police or district attorneys. Eyewitnesses' reports of crime details can be altered by exposure to post-event information. This results from Answers: a. the positive coercion bias. b. the reliance on peremptory challenges. c. normative influence pressures. d. the reconstructive nature of memory. the reconstructive nature of memory. the defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor Answers: a. ​derives enjoyment from the aggressive act. b. ​intends to harm another living being. c. ​is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. ​actually causes physical or psychological harm. intends to harm another living being. Lawyers may dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal by using Answers: a. ​jury nullification. b. normative influence. c. peremptory challenges. d. ​sentencing disparity. peremptory challenges. ​One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called Answers: a. ​aggression replacement training. b. bullying prevention. c. sensitization therapy. d. multisystem therapy. multisystem therapy. A long history of research in social psychology has consistently found that a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to Answers: a. promote cooperation. b. harshly punish all acts of aggression. c. separate subcultures within the society. d. emphasize a strict division of labor by gender. promote cooperation. A dispute resolution system in which the prosecution and defense present opposing sides of the story is called a(n) ____ model. Answers: a. inquisitorial b. cultural c. comparative d. adversarial adversarial Guilty suspects can fool a polygraph test if they Answers: a. simply deny any and all involvement in the crime for which they are being questioned. b. meditate prior to the administration of the test. c. lie in response to any crime-relevant questions, but tell the truth in response to the control questions. d. artificially inflate their physiological arousal while being asked control questions. artificially inflate their physiological arousal while being asked control questions. Which of the following is not a component of jury selection? Answers: a. ​making sure that every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn b. ​subjecting those individuals who appear for jury duty to a pre-trial interview to exclude those who might be biased c. ​using random selection to obtain a representative sample of community members who will be summoned for jury duty d. ​compiling a list of potential jurors from sources such as voter registration lists making sure that every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn One form of violence that is prevalent across virtually all cultures is Answers: a. domestic violence. b. bullying. c. gun violence. d. violence against young girls. bullying. A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called Answers: a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. cultivation. d. rumination. catharsis. An eyewitness identified Ashtok from a lineup as the man who robbed the bookstore. As an employee of the store, Ashtok was present during the crime but was not the person who committed the crime. The eyewitness's false identification was most likely the result of Answers: a. the misinformation effect. b. the leniency bias. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. a familiarity-induced bias. a familiarity-induced bias. Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. This phenomenon is called alcohol Answers: a. myopia. b. aggression. c. blindness. d. hostility. myopia. Recent DNA exoneration cases have revealed the most common cause of mistaken convictions to be Answers: a. ​inaccurate eyewitnesses. b. ​racially biased juries. c. a coerced confession. d. false alibis. inaccurate eyewitnesses. For doctors and nurses, too much empathy can be Answers: a. a risk factor for depression. b. a result of clinical training. c. a way to retain one's humanity. d. essential to effective job performance. a risk factor for depression. Research on the effects of helping in cross-race versus same-race situations shows that Answers: a. people are more likely to help those of their own race. b. there is a strong tendency for people help persons of all races equally. c. people are more likely to help those of a different race. d. there is not a consistent relationship between racial similarity and helping. there is not a consistent relationship between racial similarity and helping. An important element of helping in Spanish and Latin-American cultures is called Answers: a. symposia b. je ne sais quoi. c. déja vu. d. inferno. symposia Behaviors that are motivated by selfish concerns are best described as _____. Answers: a. altruistic b. egoistic c. idiographic d. arrogant egoistic One reason that perceived similarity may increase helping is that it Answers: a. causes people to think about their values. b. provides a meaningful connection between the helper and the person being helped. c. breaks down dispositional inferences. d. enables people to see the power of the situation. provides a meaningful connection between the helper and the person being helped. The way a person typically interacts with significant others is called a(n) Answers: a. self-disclosure. b. exchange relationship. c. ​attachment style. d. ​reciprocity norm. attachment style Gay couples tend to ____ than straight couples. Answers: a. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners less b. retain relationships with former sex partners more, but divide household chores less evenly c. divide household chores more evenly, but lose contact with prior sex partners more d. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more Individuals who suffer from social anxiety disorder are likely to Answers: a. be very popular with other people and yet not realize that they are popular. b. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny. c. ​have an unusually high need for affiliation. d. be very concerned with the overall balance of their relationships. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny. According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is Answers: a. similarity. b. ​physical proximity. c. ​complementariness. d. ​matching levels of physical attractiveness. physical proximity. As compared to feelings of personal distress, empathic concern Answers: a. does not directly impact helping behavior. b. is more likely in emergency situations. c. is more cognitive in nature. d. is other-oriented rather than self-oriented. is more cognitive in nature. People who have experienced traumatic events Answers: a. show mental and physical health benefits from helping others. b. are paradoxically less likely to help others if they themselves were helped. c. derive more satisfaction from helping strangers than from helping close others. d. more carefully weigh the potential costs of helping. show mental and physical health benefits from helping others. A person who often worries that their partner doesn't really love them or won't want to stay with them is exhibiting a(n) _________ attachment style Answers: a. stalking b. avoidant c. anxious d. unadaptive anxious According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's Answers: a. self-disclosure level. b. ​intimacy level. c. comparison level. d. level of similarity to the partner. comparison level. In India and China, love is Answers: b. emphasized more among females than males. c. essential for marriage. d. viewed in more dispositional terms than it is in America. not a sufficient basis for marriage. An evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that Answers: a. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness. b. asymmetrical faces are less familiar and therefore more distinctive in memory. c. parents devote more resources to caring for offspring with symmetrical faces. d. biological factors have very little to do with facial symmetry. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness. According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, altruistic behavior is primarily the result of Answers: a. personal distress. b. evolution. c. feeling another person's pain. d. rewards and costs. feeling another person's pain. Proximity refers to Answers: a. attitudinal similarity. b. ​physical similarity. c. physical attractiveness. d. physical nearness. physical nearness. Online file-sharing websites depend on the idea of Answers: a. audience inhibition. b. the cost-reward model. c. kin selection. d. reciprocal altruism. reciprocal altruism. Ambiguity of a situation would interfere with potential helping behavior just after which step of Lateen and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping? Answers: a. noticing the event b. providing help c. interpreting the event as an emergency d. taking responsibility to help noticing the event A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called Answers: a. jealously. b. empty love. c. rejection. d. ​loneliness. ​loneliness. According to the collective effort model, social loafing is least likely when people Answers: a. believe that their efforts will lead to a personally important outcome. b. are part of a group with a high level of cohesiveness. c. see the group outcome as personally important. d. believe the group outcome is important to other group members. believe that their efforts will lead to a personally important outcome. A person from a collectivist culture is ____ to accept a free sample of food in a supermarket. Answers: a. less likely than a person from an individualist culture b. equally likely as a person from an individualist culture c. more likely than a person from a Western, but not Eastern, culture d. more likely than a person from an individualist culture less likely than a person from an individualist culture An important part of people's self-worth is derived from group membership, according to answers: a. ​the social brain hypothesis. b. ​social identity theory. c. ​group support systems. d. ​the escalation effect. social identity theory. In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity Answers: a. ​involves less direct pressure from others. b. occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others. c. is more likely to produce destructive behaviors. d. requires the physical presence of at least one other person. involves less direct pressure from others. A person from an individualist culture would likely prefer to Answers: a. make concessions toward the beginning of the negotiation. b. never make concessions at all. c. make concessions toward the end of the negotiation. d. make concessions in the middle of the negotiation. make concessions toward the end of the negotiation. ​Which is NOT a factor of Social Impact Theory? Answers: a. The ethnicity of the source b. The number of sources c. The strength of the source d. The proximity of the source to the target ​The ethnicity of the source The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called Answers: a. the chameleon effect. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. ​reciprocation wariness. d. the ally effect. the chameleon effect. Groupthink emerges when Answers: a. individual benefits are in conflict with the needs of the group. b. the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information. c. group norms overwhelm individual identities. d. group members feel that they will be unable to compensate for social loafing. the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information. In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the Answers: a. norm of reciprocity. b. that's-not-all technique. c. chameleon effect. d. door-in-the-face technique. norm of reciprocity. Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called ____ credits. Answers: a. group b. idiosyncrasy c. normative d. brownie idiosyncrasy A group is defined as Answers: a. ​a social category. b. ​people engaged in a common activity with or without direct interaction. c. ​a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. d. ​a set of rigid boundaries and norms. a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people Answers: a. feel that their freedom to choose a particular course of action has been threatened. b. fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant. c. are uncertain regarding the correct answer and therefore look to others for guidance. d. are motivated to appear consistent in their feelings and behaviors. fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant. The technique of getting a commitment from a potential customer and then changing the terms of the agreement is best described as Answers: a. reciprocal concession. b. the foot-in-the-door technique. c. cognitive dissonance. d. lowballing. lowballing. According to social impact theory, the source's proximity in time and space to a target determines the source's Answers: a. ​strength. b. ​number. c. ​popularity. d. ​immediacy. immediacy. A person who experiences social facilitation effects because he is worried about being judged is illustrating the ____ hypothesis. Answers: a. mere presence b. process loss c. distraction-conflict d. evaluation apprehension evaluation apprehension Which of the following is NOT a feature of a group? Answers: a. Norms b. Roles c. Proximity d. Cohesiveness Proximity As compared to conformity, compliance occurs Answers: a. as a result of less direct pressure from others. b. publicly, but not privately. c. in response to a direct request. d. only after careful deliberation. in response to a direct request. Which of the following is true of Milgram's obedience study? Answers: a. The percentage of participants who obeyed to the end was the same as the percentage of participants who conformed in the Asch study. b. The experimenter informed participants that he was accountable for any consequences of the participant's actions. c. Participants obeyed to the same extent whether the experimenter gave directions in person or over the telephone. d. When participants were required to manually force the victim's hand onto a shock plate, obedience completely disappeared. The experimenter informed participants that he was accountable for any consequences of the participant's actions. The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the Answers: a. social impact theory. b. dual-process approach. c. norm of reciprocity. d. equity principle. norm of reciprocity. ​The process by which dissenters produce change within a group is called ______. Answers: a. The majority Effect b. Minority Influence c. the McGurk Effect d. The Law of Change Minority Influence