Social Psychology ALL TERMS List 2023 with verified questions and answers

Informational Social Influence influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality Normative Social Influence influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) a theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change: a central route and a peripheral route Reciprocity idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return Scapegoat Theory the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Ethnocentrism belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group Altruism the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others Social Group a collection of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity Norms rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members Roles the different positions in the group, each with its own set of norms Latane & Darley Study When white smoke comes in, you are much less likely to respond if there are passive confederates. Proves pluralistic ignorance- assume nothing is wrong because others seem unconcerned Sherif Study children in a summer camp were divided into two groups on an arbitrary basis and made to engage in competition with each other. This engendered intergroup hostility and dislike, which was found to be greatly reduced when a task requiring the two groups to cooperate (on superordinate goals) was introduced. Rosenthal & Jacobson Study aimed to test the existence of the Pygmalion Effect in schools. Found that those students randomly assigned to the "bloomer" group made larger gains at the end of the year than the "average" students. Zimbardo Study This social psychologist studied how people behave when they are asked to play roles, in particular as prison guards or prisoners. Out-Group Homogeneity tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar In-Group Bias tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group Dispositional Factors Personal factors of the individual being the main explanation for their behaviour Situational Factors environmental stimuli that affect a person's behavior. Superordinate Goals shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Theory arguing that aggression is the natural reaction to frustration. Attribution Theory the theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition Actor-Observer Bias The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior (especially errors and failures) to external causes. Central Route of Persuasion the speaker uses facts, figures, and other information to enable listeners to carefully process information and think about their opinions; attitudes changed tend to be more stable Peripheral Route of Persuasion superficial factors (supermodels and celebrities) used as distractors, leading to less stable change in attitudes. Instrumental Aggression Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain Hostile Aggression Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain False-Consensus Effect the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors Milgram Study the study of people to see the tendency to obey authority figures; how far people would go into violence, even though it violates values and ethics, such as commands to harm an innocent stranger Asch Study Participants were asked to select the line closest in line to length X. When cohorts gave obviously wrong answers, more than 1/3 of the subjects conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices. Depends on group size: 7 is optimal. Festinger Study paid people $1 to lie, $20 to lie, and nothing to lie. Those who experienced the most pleasure were the $1 liars. The experimenters concluded that human beings, when asked to lie without being given sufficient justification, will convince themselves that the lie they are asked to tell is the truth. Stereotypes generalized beliefs about what members of an identifiable group are like that operate as schemas when perceiving members of those groups Prejudice a negative attitude formed toward an individual or group without sufficient experience with the person or group Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members Just-World Phenomenon the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get Conformity adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Compliance an act of doing as another wishes or yielding to a request or command; a tendency to yield to others Foot-In-The-Door term describes a phenomenon in which people who agree to a small request are more likely to later agree to a larger request Cognitive Dissonance an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior Bystander Effect the tendency to not offer help when needed if others are present who do not offer help Door-In-The-Face a request is made of someone that will be surely turned down, only to be followed by a lesser, or less demanding request. Social Loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Social Facilitation improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered Group Polarization the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group Groupthink the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Diffusion of Responsibility reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect Fundamental Attribution Error the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition Self-Serving Bias he tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces Self-Fulfilling Prophecy an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true. Mere Exposure Effect the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them